1、 Reference number ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) ISO 2006TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24857 First edition 2006-03-15 Synthetic industrial diamond grit products Single-particle compressive failure strength “DiaTest-SI” system Produits en diamant synthtique industriel Rsistance la compression des particules Mthode D
2、iaTest SI ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the edit
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6、 or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reservedISO/TR 24857:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved
7、iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 General principles of the single particle strength testing of diamond . 2 5 Design of the experiments. 3 5.1 General conditions . 3 5.2 Additional conditions . 3 5.3 Results . 4 6 Assigna
8、ble causes of variations in single particle strength 5 7 Statistical analyses of the results . 5 8 Results and discussion 6 8.1 Between-centre variation: all diamond types combined 6 8.2 Between-centre variation: individual diamond types . 7 8.3 Within-centre variation. 8 8.4 Comparison of between-g
9、roup and within-group variations . 9 8.5 Estimation of accuracy of the single particle strength test . 10 9 Consequences for a standard . 10 10 Conclusions 10 Annex A (informative) Use of parametric and non-parametric statistics . 12 Annex B (informative) Statistical significance tests. 15 Annex C (
10、informative) Between-centre variations 16 Annex D (informative) Within-centre variations 20 Annex E (informative) Summary of between-centre and within-centre variations 23 Annex F (informative) Estimation of the experimental error of the single particle strength test 25 Bibliography . 26 ISO/TR 2485
11、7:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member b
12、ody interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electro
13、technical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
14、by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which
15、 is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides
16、are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 24857 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/
17、TC 29, Small tools, Subcommittee SC 5, Grinding wheels and abrasives. ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction A study has been performed to evaluate the suitability of the Vollstdt “DiaTest-SI” system for the single particle compressive strength testing of synthetic industri
18、al diamond particles. Four distinct saw grit diamond products were measured repeatedly by six test centres, in order that the variation in results between the centres and the variation in results within each centre could be established. The principal measurement examined was the median single partic
19、le strength of a sample (that is, half of the particles in the sample have a strength below this value). It was concluded from the study that within each test centre, the median strength of a saw grit diamond product could be measured with a high degree of repeatability: the average “scatter” of the
20、 medians being around 2 % to 4 %. Examining variations between test centres, there were small systematic differences in the results from each test centres strength testing machine, their measurement “biases” being between 2 % and +5 %. The combination of between-centre and within-centre variations r
21、esulted in an estimated experimental error of between 7 % and 15 %. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Synthetic industrial diamond grit products Single-particle compressive failure strength “DiaTest-SI” system 1 Scope This Technical Report gives the results of a st
22、udy to determine the feasibility of the “DiaTest-SI” 1)single particle strength tester as a system for measuring the compressive strength of synthetic industrial diamond grit products. Issues that were addressed included: the range of grit products (in terms of both size and strength) for which the
23、“DiaTest-SI” system was appropriate, the choice of distribution statistics with which to describe diamond strength, and the similarities (at a statistically significant level) of the results from various test centres. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for th
24、e application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 1: General princi
25、ples and definitions ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definit
26、ions given in ISO 5725-1, ISO 5725-2 and the following apply. 3.1 analysis of variance ANOVA statistical method used to determine the influence of various assignable causes on experimental results 3.2 compressive failure force CFF force (in newtons) applied to a particle which results in its failure
27、 3.3 single particle strength SPS alternative term for the compressive failure force (CFF) of a particle 1) “DiaTest-SI” is the trade name of a product supplied by Vollstdt-Diamant GmbH, Schlunkendorfer Strasse 21, 14554 Seddiner See, Germany. This information is given for the convenience of users o
28、f this Technical Report and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved3.4 polycrystalline diamond PCD intergrown mass of randomly orientated diam
29、ond particles in a metal matrix, synthesized at high temperature and high pressure NOTE PCD offers very high hardness, toughness and abrasion resistance. 3.5 US mesh size of a diamond product determined by the mesh sizes of the sieves used to separate the diamond particles NOTE In the US mesh system
30、, a sieve size is defined by the number of lines per inch of that sieve; see ISO 61061for details. 4 General principles of the single particle strength testing of diamond Industrial synthetic diamond products may be tested for strength using a variety of techniques. Perhaps the most established of t
31、hese techniques is the friability test (or friatest2 ), which measures the resistance of a diamond sample contained within a capsule to multiple impacts by a steel ball. Whilst the friatest may be a robust technique, being conceptually simple and having a high level of repeatability, it yields only
32、one “figure of merit” strength value, and cannot be used to describe the distribution of particle strengths within a diamond sample. The strength of an individual diamond particle may be measured by subjection to an increasing compressive force, the threshold force (in newtons) at which the particle
33、 “fails” being its recorded strength. This form of measurement, which is known as single particle strength (SPS), compressive failure force (CFF) or static strength (as distinct from the dynamic strength of the friatest), is therefore a valuable complementary technique to the friatest because of the
34、 information it provides on the particle strength distribution. At present, single particle strength testing is most conveniently performed on grit sizes coarser than size D213 (70/80 US mesh). There are two principal methods for the single particle strength testing of diamond: particles may be eith
35、er crushed between rotating cylinders3 , or between vertically aligned anvils. The second of these two methods is substantially more widespread than the first, and is commercially available in the form of such systems as the “DiaTest-SI” by the German manufacturer Vollstdt4 . In the DiaTest-SI syste
36、m (and others of a similar design), diamond particles are aligned on an adhesive “carrier” tape and are subsequently transported between the anvils. An image analysis camera may be positioned before the anvils in order to measure the size and shape characteristics of the particle. The upper anvil is
37、 attached to a pneumatically (or mechanically) driven piston, whilst the lower anvil is attached to a load sensor. The anvils may be manufactured from polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) or polycrystalline diamond (PCD), with PCD offering a longer anvil life (this is important, as over-used a
38、nvils can have a significant effect on results). As the upper anvil is driven downwards, the particle is subjected to a compressive force, and this force is transmitted through the particle to the lower anvil and the load sensor. Eventually the particle will “fail” in that some disintegration will o
39、ccur, and there will be an instantaneous reduction in the force detected by the load sensor. The nature of this reduction in force is dependent on the defect structure of the particle: a particle with a high perfection will tend to withstand high compressive forces before disintegrating catastrophic
40、ally, whilst a particle with numerous significant defects is more likely to break in several stages. Complex algorithms are used to examine the force-time characteristics of a crush and to assign an appropriate failure strength value to the particle. ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved
41、 3 5 Design of the experiments 5.1 General conditions The Vollstdt “DiaTest-SI” system is capable of measuring the single particle strength distributions of virtually all common grades of saw grit diamond in the common sizes. Experiments were therefore chosen to evaluate the performance of the machi
42、ne over a range of operating conditions in accordance with ISO 5725-1 and ISO 5725-2. a) Title: Synthetic industrial diamond grit products Single-particle compressive failure strength “DiaTest-SI” system b) Name and location of the laboratories: Centre 1 Germany Centre 2 Ireland Centre 3 China Centr
43、e 4 Germany Centre 5 Austria Centre 6 Germany c) Measuring equipment: Vollstdt “DiaTest-SI” system using unified and optimized software d) Anvil and (pneumatic) piston Each test laboratory received three sets processed from the same PCD discs: Abrasive, monocrystalline synthetic diamond macrogrit wi
44、th the following sizes, properties and sievings: 1) high-strength grade, coarse grit (narrow sieving) 30/35 US-mesh 2) high-strength grade, medium-size grit (broad sieving) 40/50 US-mesh 3) medium-strength grade, medium-size grit (broad sieving) 40/50 US-mesh 4) low-strength grade, fine grit (broad
45、sieving) 60/70 US-mesh Each test laboratory was provided with three samples each of the particle sizes defined in 1) to 4), each sample consisting with approximately 500 particles. 5.2 Additional conditions A second phase of the study was performed in the same manner, with each laboratory receiving
46、a further three sets of PCD anvils and a further three sets of each of the four diamond samples. For all tests to be carried out, the test laboratories appointed a measuring instrument operator. The respective three sets of anvils (anvil and piston) were employed in such a manner that one set of anv
47、ils was used for high-strength grade in size 30/35, and another set of anvils was used for the high-strength grade in size 40/50. The third set of anvils was used to test both the medium-strength grade in size 40/50 and the low-strength grade in size 60/70. These test series were designed to evaluat
48、e the accuracy of the Vollstdt measuring equipment in terms of the correctness and precision of strength measurements. The parameter to be tested was the so-called CFF value (compressive failure force, in newtons). ISO/TR 24857:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved5.3 Results The following values w
49、ere determined. a) Mean strength, S meantake out mean F S n = b) Median strength, S medmed take out, med SF = where F take outis the compressive failure force (CFF), in newtons, remaining after all unquantifiable particle crushes (given the arbitrary strength value 9,999 N by the DiaTest-SI system) have been removed from the data set; take out, med F is the middle value of F take outwhen sorted in ascending order; n is the number of particles (quantifiably) tested. NOTE If the number of F tak
