1、 Reference number ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) ISO 2006TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 5658-1 First edition 2006-10-01 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread Essais de raction au feu Propagation du feu Partie 1: Lignes directrices sur la propagation de la flamme ISO/TS 5658-
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5、ow. ISO 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body
6、in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reservedISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Fo
7、reword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Principles of flame spread . 1 3 Characteristics of flame-spread modes . 2 3.1 General. 2 3.2 Horizontal, facing upward 3 3.3 Vertical or inclined 4 3.4 Horizontal, facing downward. 6 4 History of surface spread of flame tests 7 5 Small-scale tests. 9 5.1 Metho
8、d given in ISO 5658-2 . 9 5.2 LIFT method 10 5.3 Method given in ISO 9239-1 . 10 5.4 Method given in ISO 9239-2 . 12 6 Intermediate-scale tests. 12 6.1 Corner tests. 12 6.2 Method given in ISO 5658-4 . 12 6.3 Method given in ISO/TR 14696:1999 . 13 7 Large-scale tests. 14 7.1 Room corner test (ISO 97
9、05) . 14 7.2 Room/corridor scenarios . 17 7.3 Faade scenarios 20 7.4 Large-scale vertical flame-spread tests . 20 8 Flame spread within assemblies. 22 9 Flame spread by flaming droplets/particles 24 9.1 Description of flame spread process with flaming droplets/particles 24 9.2 Test methods to charac
10、terise flaming droplets/ particles 24 9.3 Typical fire scenarios involving flaming droplets/ particles 25 Bibliography . 26 ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (I
11、SO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gov
12、ernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
13、 Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the membe
14、r bodies casting a vote. In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical expe
15、rts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is
16、 approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote. An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is revie
17、wed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying a
18、ny or all such patent rights. ISO/TS 5658-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. This first edition of ISO/TS 5658-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TR 5658-1:1997, which has been technically revised. ISO 5658 consists of the following p
19、arts, under the general title Reaction to fire tests Spread of flames: Part 1: Guidance on flame spread (Technical Specification) Part 2: Lateral spread on building and transport products in vertical configuration Part 4: Intermediate-scale test of vertical spread of flame with vertically oriented s
20、pecimens ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction The rate and extent of flame spread are important properties to be characterized when evaluating the reaction to fire hazards of products that can be used in diverse applications such as in buildings, transport, furniture, el
21、ectrical enclosures, etc. Historically, there have been many approaches taken to the measurement of flame spread and most of these have evolved with little fundamental justification. This Technical Specification describes different modes of flame spread and proposes some theoretical principles to as
22、sist with the relevant application of the data obtained from flame spread tests. This guidance document is about flame spread and as such it fits within the scope of ISO/TC 92/SC 1. Flames are a major cause of fires being initiated (usually described as ignitability) and fire growth (usually physica
23、lly observed as flames spreading from the initial seat of the fire where the ignition source was applied). Also, within the scope of ISO/TC 92/SC 1, it is generally assumed that fire growth applies up to the point of a developed fire after which the fire can spread (for example) from one compartment
24、 to another. This concept is usually covered by the scope of ISO/TC 92/SC 2 (fire containment). Many flame-spread tests measure the rate and extent of the flame front as the flame moves over the surface of a large area, flat products such as linings on walls, ceilings and floors. Usually the orienta
25、tion of the test specimen is related to the end-use application (for example, exposed face upwards for floor-coverings). This requirement for end-use relevance is satisfied by ISO 5658-2 and ISO 5658-4 when wall linings are evaluated. Flame spread over construction and transport products is related
26、to the fire scenario. ISO/TC 92/SC 1 have initially concentrated on the development of tests to simulate flame spread in rooms and along corridors. Other important scenarios where flame spread data are required are faades (both front and behind), shafts, stairs and roofs; much of the theoretical gui
27、dance given in this Technical Specification can be applied to these scenarios even though ISO test procedures might not be available as of the date of publication of this Technical Specification. Flame spread can also occur over non-planar products (e.g. pipes) and within assemblies (e.g. along join
28、ts or inside air-gaps). Whilst this Technical Specification concentrates on the theory pertinent to flat products, some of the theory outlined can be applied to improve the understanding of these more complex situations. The results of small-scale flame-spread tests (e.g. ISO 5658-21and ISO 9239-1 2
29、 ) and large-scale tests (e.g. ISO 9705 3 ) can be used as components in a total hazard analysis of a specified fire scenario. The theoretical basis of these tests is explained so that relevant conclusions or derivations can be made from the test results. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E
30、) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 1: Guidance on flame spread 1 Scope This Technical Specification provides guidance on flame spread tests. It describes the principles of flame spread and classifies different flame-spread mechanisms. 2 Principles of flame s
31、pread Flame-spread tests are designed to quantify the flaming process outside of the zone heated by the ignition source (flaming, radiant or overheating) and as such, they help our understanding of how fire grows away from the initial seat of the fire. This concept is relevant to flame spread within
32、 the compartment or cavity where the fire originates (that is, the point/area of fire initiation/ignition). Flame-spread tests differ considerably in the conditions that are specified for characterization of the flame-spread process. These conditions include the following: intensity and area of ther
33、mal attack of ignition source; orientation of test specimen (for example, vertical, horizontal and inclined are normally defined); ventilation in the vicinity of the test specimen; mode of flame spread (see Table 1). Flammability of surfaces is a major concern of many regulations. The primary room s
34、urfaces in buildings, for example, are any combustible linings used on the walls or ceilings, along with floor coverings. Similar flame- spread effects can also occur over the surfaces of transport vehicles (such as ships, trains, aircraft and buses). To understand the role of bench-scale tests in a
35、ssessing this hazard, the dominant fire effects shall be placed in context. The ceiling can show a very rapid fire spread and a high contribution to hazard. The least combustible materials should generally be positioned on the ceiling in order to minimize fire hazard. There is not universal agreemen
36、t on this point and some studies4conclude the opposite. For almost any fire scenario, flame spread along the ceiling is wind-aided, which means that the air-flow and the flame spread are both in the same direction. For common fire scenarios, flame spread on walls is upward (wind-aided) in the vicini
37、ty of the fire source. In other parts of the walls, the flame spread is downward (opposed-flow), since entrained air is moving upwards, opposite to the direction of flame motion. Much of the wall can, however, be directly ignited by submersion into the layer of hot gases forming below the ceiling. T
38、his ignition does not involve a flame-spread process at all, but ceiling flammability directly accelerates it. Generally, flame spread on floors within a room is very limited until later stages of a fire. Flame spread on floors in corridors, however, can be of major concern. This flame spread is usu
39、ally caused by a room fire impinging on the adjacent corridor and igniting the flooring. There is usually some prevailing air-flow direction ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reservedwithin a corridor. Flame spread can then proceed either in the wind-aided direction, or as opposed flow. Co
40、mmonly, flame spread in both directions can occur simultaneously on corridor flooring materials. In principle, two different bench-scale test methods would be required to represent the two fundamentally different flame-spread processes of wind-aided spread and opposed-flow spread. The flame spread r
41、ates are not similar in these two processes. Wind-aided spread tends to be much more rapid, since a large amount of virgin combustible can be the flame tip, whereas in the opposite direction, the heating of the material is limited to a very small heating zone. Research studies have shown, however, t
42、hat a test solely dedicated to examining wind-aided spread is not necessary 5 . Theory and experiments both reveal that wind-aided flame spread can often be directly predicted once the heat release rate and the ignitability behaviour of the specimen is established. These would be done in bench- scal
43、e by the use of the ISO 5660 method for heat release rate and either ISO 5660-16or ISO 56577for ignitability. Flame spread for the opposed-flow configuration also requires information about the flame flux and the flame heating distance for that geometry8 . In the context of ISO bench-scale test meth
44、ods, this is the role for the tests described in this part of ISO 5658 and in ISO 5658-2. Thus, while there are two flame-spread modes of concern and while the wind-aided spread is often of dominant concern, there is a need only for two bench- scale flame-spread ISO tests (ISO 5658-2 and ISO 9239-1)
45、. These tests are devoted solely to the opposed- flow mode. 3 Characteristics of flame-spread modes 3.1 General The characteristics of different flame-spread modes are described and summarized in Table 1. For each of the modes, the dominant heat-transfer mechanisms are identified. The various modes
46、are distinguished by two criteria: orientation of the fuel surface and direction of the main flow of gases relative to that of flame spread. Only flat fuel surfaces are considered. It is assumed that the fuel slab is located in a normal gravity environment, i.e. special cases such as flame spread un
47、der microgravity conditions (spaceships) are not considered. The analysis is for thick fuels, or else thin fuels in combination with a backing board. Cases where burning can be on two sides simultaneously (e.g. upward flame spread over curtains) are not explicitly included as a specific flame-spread
48、 mode. In addition, discontinuous flame spread caused by separation of flaming parts from the pyrolyzing region of a fuel slab is not included in this clause. This effect can occur with some products in modes B.a, B.b, B.c and C.a. Flame spread from flaming droplets/particles is further described in
49、 Clause 9. Table 1 Modes of flame spread Mode reference Application Type of flame spread A.a Flooring; Horizontal Opposed-flow A.b Flooring; Horizontal Opposed-flow A.c Flooring; Horizontal Wind-aided B.a Walls; Vertical Wind-aided B.b Walls; Vertical Opposed-flow B.c Walls; Vertical Opposed-flow C.a Ceilings; Horizontal Wind-aided ISO/TS 5658-1:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 3 3.2 Horizontal, facing upward a) Mode A.a. Flame spread over a horizontal surface away from a burning area is illustrated i
