1、BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06Founding - Radiographic testingPart 1: Film techniquesBS EN 12681-1:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12681-1 November 2017 ICS 77.040.20 Supersedes EN 12681:2003English Version Founding - Radiogr
2、aphic testing - Part 1: Film techniquesFonderie - Contrle par radiographie - Partie 1 : Techniques laide de films Gieereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprfung - Teil 1: Filmtechniken This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 July 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Reg
3、ulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN mem
4、ber. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
5、CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland
6、, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploit
7、ation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12681-1:2017 ENational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12681-1:2017. Together with BS EN 12681-2:2017, it supersedes BS EN 12681:2003, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in i
8、ts preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/111, Steel Castings and Forgings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible fo
9、r its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2018 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018ISBN 978 0 580 93115 4ICS 77.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Polic
10、y and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2018.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 12681-1:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 12681-1 November 2017 ICS 77.040.20 Supersedes EN 12681:2003English Version Founding - Radiographic test
11、ing - Part 1: Film techniquesFonderie - Contrle par radiographie - Partie 1 : Techniques laide de films Gieereiwesen - Durchstrahlungsprfung - Teil 1: Filmtechniken This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 July 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations w
12、hich stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This
13、European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN member
14、s are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal
15、, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in a
16、ny form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12681-1:2017 EBS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions . 7 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 8 Table 1 Symbols an
17、d abbreviations 8 5 Classification of radiographic techniques 9 6 General preparations and requirements . 9 6.1 General preparations . 9 6.1.1 Protection against ionizing radiation 9 6.1.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture 9 6.2 Agreements . 9 6.3 Personnel qualification 10 7 Test arrange
18、ments . 10 7.1 General . 10 7.2 Single wall radiography of plane areas 10 7.3 Single wall radiography of curved areas . 10 7.4 Double wall radiography of plane and curved areas 10 7.5 Choice of test arrangements for complex geometries 11 7.6 Acceptable test area dimensions 11 8 Choice of tube voltag
19、e and radiation source 16 8.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV 16 8.2 Other radiation sources . 17 9 Film systems and metal screens . 18 10 Reduction of scattered radiation 20 10.1 Metal filters and collimators 20 10.2 Interception of backscattered radiation 20 11 Source-to-object distance 20 12 Optical
20、 density D of radiograph 23 13 Film processing and viewing 23 13.1 Processing . 23 13.2 Film viewing conditions . 23 14 Techniques for increasing the covered thickness range . 23 14.1 General . 23 14.2 Multiple film technique 24 14.3 Contrast decreasing by higher radiation energy 25 14.4 Contrast de
21、creasing by beam hardening . 25 14.5 Contrast decreasing by thickness equalization. 26 BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 3 15 Requirements on radiographs . 26 15.1 Identification of radiograph, test area, film position plan. 26 15.2 Marking of the test areas . 26 15.3 Overlap of films . 26 16 Ve
22、rification of image quality 26 17 Influence of crystalline structure . 27 18 Acceptance criteria 27 18.1 General . 27 18.2 Severity levels 27 18.3 Wall section zones 27 19 Test report 28 Annex A (normative) Minimum image quality values 30 Annex B (normative) Severity levels for steel castings 33 Ann
23、ex C (normative) Severity levels for cast iron castings 36 Annex D (normative) Severity levels for aluminium alloy and magnesium alloy castings . 39 Annex E (normative) Severity levels for copper alloy castings . 43 Annex F (normative) Severity levels for titanium and titanium alloy castings . 45 An
24、nex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition . 47 Bibliography . 48 BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 12681-1:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology”, the sec
25、retariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2018. Attention is drawn to t
26、he possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12681:2003. Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG
27、 10 “Testing for inner discontinuities”: to revise EN 12681:2003 into EN 12681-1, Founding Radiographic testing Part 1: Film techniques; and to prepare a further standard EN 12681-2, Founding Radiographic testing Part 2: Techniques with digital detectors Annex G covers the significant technical chan
28、ges between this European Standard and EN 12681:2003. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finla
29、nd, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 1268
30、1-1:2017 (E) 5 Introduction Radiography can be used to detect internal discontinuities in a casting. The discontinuities can be gas holes, non-metallic inclusions, shrinkage, cracks, inserts or chills or inclusions that have lower or higher densities than the parent metal. This European Standard giv
31、es acceptance criteria through severity levels. BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard gives specific procedures for industrial X-ray and gamma radiography for discontinuity detection purposes, using NDT (Non-destructive testing) film techniques. This part of EN 12681
32、 specifies the requirements for film radiographic testing of castings. Films after exposure and processing become radiographs with different area of optical density. Radiographs are viewed and evaluated using industrial radiographic illuminators. This part of EN 12681 specifies the recommended proce
33、dure for the choice of operating conditions and radiographic practice. These procedures are applicable to castings produced by any casting process, especially for steel, cast iron, aluminium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and any alloys of them. NOTE This European Standard consid
34、ers EN ISO 5579. This part of this European Standard does not apply to: radiographic testing of castings for aerospace applications (see prEN 2002-21); radiographic testing of welded joints (see EN ISO 17636-1); radiography with digital detectors (see EN 12681-2); radioscopic testing (see EN 13068,
35、all parts). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includi
36、ng any amendments) applies. EN 12543, Non-destructive testing Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems for use in non-destructive testing (all parts) EN 12679, Non-destructive testing - Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources - Radiographic method EN 25580, Non
37、-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic illuminators - Minimum requirements (ISO 5580:1985) EN ISO 5579:2013, Non-destructive testing - Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or gamma rays - Basic rules (ISO 5579:2013) EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing - Qualification
38、 and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712) EN ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic film - Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography (ISO 11699-1) EN ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic films - Part 2: Control of film pr
39、ocessing by means of reference values (ISO 11699-2) EN ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1: Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-1) BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 7 EN ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive
40、 testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 2: Determination of the image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-2) ISO 5576, Non-destructive testing Industrial X-ray and gamma-ray radiology Vocabulary ASTM E 1320:2010, Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings 3
41、 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5576, EN ISO 5579 and the following apply. 3.1 wall thickness t thickness as measured on the casting 3.2 nominal wall thickness tnthickness as specified on the drawing 3.3 penetrated thickness w thicknes
42、s of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the real thicknesses of all penetrated walls 3.4 source size d size of the radiation source or focal spot size SOURCE: EN ISO 5579:2013, definition 3.4 3.5 object-to-film distance b largest (maximum) distance between the
43、 source side of the radiographed part of the test object and the film surface measured along the central axis of the radiation beam 3.6 source-to-object distance f distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object, most distant from the film, measured along the central
44、axis of the radiation beam BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 8 3.7 source-to-film distance SFD distance between the source of radiation and the film measured in the direction of the beam Note 1 to entry: SFD = f + b where f source-to-object distance; b object-to-film distance. SOURCE: EN ISO 557
45、9:2013, definition 3.5, modified description in words presented as formula 4 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply. Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations Symbol or abbreviation Term Clause, Figure, Annex b object-to-film distanc
46、e 3.5 d source size 3.4 D optical density of film Clause 12 14.2 Figure 16 Figure 15 f source-to-object distance 3.6 F Film Figure 1 IQI image quality indicator Clause 16 Annex A S source of radiation Figure 1 SFD source-to film-distance 3.7 t wall thickness 3.1 Figure 1 tnnominal wall thickness 3.2
47、 Annexes B to F w penetrated thickness 3.3 BS EN 12681-1:2017EN 12681-1:2017 (E) 9 5 Classification of radiographic techniques The radiographic techniques are divided into two classes: Class A: basic techniques; Class B: improved techniques. It is recommended to perform the testing according to clas
48、s A, if not otherwise specified in the order. Class B techniques will be used when class A might be insufficiently sensitive. If, for technical or industrial reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for class B, such as the type of radiation source or the source-to-object
49、distance f, it may be agreed by contracting parties that the condition selected may be what is specified for class A. In film radiography the loss of sensitivity shall be compensated by an increase of minimum optical density to 3,0 or by selection of a two class better film system. The other conditions for class B remain unchanged, especially the image quality achieved. Because of the better sensitivity compared to class A, the test specimen may be regarded as being examined to class B. This does not apply if the special SF
