1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA IOTP 1-2018Standby Power of Connected Devices and the Internet of ThingsNEMA IOTP 1-2018 Page 1 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association A NEMA White Paper IOTP 1-2018 Standby Power of Connected Devices and the Int
2、ernet of Things Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17thStreet, Suite 900 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Conventi
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13、statement. NEMA IOTP 1-2018 Page 3 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Purpose This NEMA white paper explores the conflict between limitations on what is commonly referred to as standby power and the potential services and benefits of connected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT)
14、and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Traditional approaches and definitions of standby power are device-focused and do not address network related services, only device level on/off or settings changes. As such, standby power is treated as a drain or waste on building energy consumption. An exc
15、ellent example of this negative attitude is the European Unions colloquialism for standby power: vampire power. Narrow-minded or device-focused views on standby power treat it as a loss without considering the myriad benefits it might enable. Responsible regulations for standby power must accurately
16、 characterize and address power consumption needs of connected systems devices. (In this paper the abbreviation IoT refers to both IoT and IIoT.) I. Introduction The Internet of Things, Industrial Internet of Things, and proliferation of connected, data-generating devices are providing new insight a
17、nd yet to be discovered ways to improve the safety, security, and efficiency of todays homes, commercial buildings, and cities. The impact of the long-term operational trends and the relationship between the buildings behavior and peoples productivity, for example, is still a developing field of stu
18、dy. This application of new sensor and device innovation and the new insights about the behavior of the entire system, the building, and its occupants, in this case, calls for a tempered and collaborative approach to any regulatory action that could restrict or limit the innovation in these areas. B
19、ig data and associated analytics are driving new insights, and increased awareness about our environment and many new and innovative data-driven services are emerging. The purpose of this white paper is to outline the careful, and more holistic approach energy-efficiency governing bodies and regulat
20、ors should consider before fixing governance over the power consumption or other enabling properties of these newer application areas. What is the IoT? Today it is being described and marketed by many different industry stakeholders, resulting in myriad definitions in a wide range of contexts, from
21、research publications to marketing material. The following examples of definitions show the diversity in focus: The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment. the
22、internetworking of physical devicesembedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. an infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems and information resources together with intelligent services to all
23、ow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and react. a network that connects uniquely identifiable things to the internet. The things have sensing/actuation and potential programmability capabilities Information about the thing can be collected and the state of the thing c
24、an be changed. Source: DOE SSL program: https:/energy.gov/eere/ssl/downloads/cls-interoperability-study-part-1-application-programming-interfaces II. The NEMA Product Perspective on IoT Some devices perform their primary function for brief periods and then are quiescent for longer periods of time; e
25、xamples are computers, personal devices, tablets, printers and cell phones. These devices routinely employ standby modes. Importantly, these devices are not operated continuously or 24/7. NEMA IOTP 1-2018 Page 4 2018 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Arguably, the occasional impact of a
26、failure to recover or a required reboot of these devices, while frustrating, is not detrimental. Many IoT devices by design operate continuously. They are integrated with and continually operate and communicate over a network with each other and other components in the environment. Devices for tempe
27、rature control (thermostats), energy measurement, water management, building management, fire detection and notification, smoke control, emergency communications systems, hospital equipment, and security management operate continuously. Discussion regarding IoT and connected devices and how to regul
28、ate their standby power continues to be made without the benefit of reviewing the intended use or function of the IoT device. An important note about specialized systems: Fire detection and notification systems, intrusion and security alarms, smoke control, emergency communications systems, nurse ca
29、ll systems, and other critical systems make use of the internet for communicating various conditions associated with life safety to various monitoring locations to generate an appropriate response. These systems are governed by national standards that require system connections which are constantly
30、monitored for integrity and establish latency requirements for message delivery. For monitoring, these systems are always actively communicating in a “powered-on” mode. Interestingly, in the security industry, this is referred to as their “standby” mode. This difference in use of terms should not be
31、 overlooked, and these systems should be exempted from general power-saving regulations. Standby mode for security systems, as in this example, should not be confused with standby mode and standby power terminology discussed in this paper. Similarly to the preceding security monitoring systems, medi
32、cal devices save and extend lives. Patients rely on image, test, and treatment accuracy and quality to detect diseases at an early stage and to successfully treat them while minimizing adverse impacts. Such devices rely on sufficient energy to provide such functions, and the devices must be able to
33、quickly start up for the tests and treatments these devices provide. This makes stand-by modes critical for their practical operation. The benefit of the tests and treatments provided by medical devices, including the saving of thousands of lives, far outweigh the negative impacts of energy use for
34、these devices. Nevertheless, the medical device industry is fully committed to energy reduction and conservation in ways that do not adversely impact the ability of medical devices to achieve their core mission. As an example of this commitment, manufacturers of medical imaging products have develop
35、ed, and are already conforming to, best practices under the widely respected EU Self-regulatory Initiative (SRI) (www.cocir.org/initiatives/ecodesign-initiative.html), which includes energy-efficiency measures applicable to medical device types and communication of energy conservation functions to u
36、sers. The standby mode for medical imaging devices also should not be confused with standby mode and standby power terminology discussed in this paper. The above examples of terminology challenges between products and systems illustrate the need for careful review of the definition of standby power.
37、 This review could be done by device type or types of services delivered. The review could lead to entirely new terms, definitions, and categories of “standby power” to separate power consumption of connected network functions from stand-alone services offered by many devices and appliances. III. In
38、tegration in Connected Building Systems Today, connected lighting systems are increasingly widespread across indoor and outdoor environments, from residential to commercial and public spaces. In addition to traditional advanced lighting control, lighting systems are now being used as a platform for
39、a growing portfolio of data-driven applications. These can range from applications yielding increased system-oriented energy savings, to the safety and security of public spaces. As added benefits, these lighting systems not only perform their primary NEMA IOTP 1-2018 Page 5 2018 National Electrical
40、 Manufacturers Association function of providing light, but also incorporate secondary functions like demand response, energy storage, sensing, imaging, and extending data networks. Building Management Systems (BMS) are a platform for automating the functions of a building for optimized energy consu
41、mption and control of basic and essential systems, such as temperature, humidity, security, occupancy, emergency management and other features. These systems also manage renewable energy sources and integrate to demand response systems allowing building owners to take advantage of energy subsidies w
42、hile managing the complexity of energy sources. More broadly, in the commercial building sector historically standalone building systems such as building automation, lighting, and security systems are becoming horizontally integrated into one holistic building system providing enhanced services by l
43、everaging each others capabilities. For example, building management systems can sense temperature levels throughout a buildings infrastructure to control HVAC. Connected lighting systems today may have occupancy (passive infrared) sensors integrated into every luminaire (fixture) within a commercia
44、l building space. By integrating these two systems, the BMS can leverage occupancy data from each luminaire (typically every 100 sq. ft.) to more optimally control HVAC levels based on highly granular occupancy data representing specific, real-time usage of the building. In these cases, lighting or
45、building management should no longer be regarded as standalone systems, but should rather be considered as integral parts of a wider building ecosystem. This trend toward improved services and energy savings through building systems integration further underscores the need for standby power to be ch
46、aracterized from a holistic systems perspective. Primary functions, secondary functions, and even tertiary functions within a system need to be well understood and need to be important factors in future methods of measurement and regulation of standby power. IV. The IoT Opportunity Smart building, s
47、mart industry, smart transportation and smart city systems enable tremendous benefits and create value for society by optimizing the intended functionality or providing measurements over extended periods of time. New applications and functionality can be unlocked and opened up in areas as diverse as
48、 asset and space management, bio-adaptive lighting, environmental monitoring, and incident detection. Particularly relevant to this topic of standby power are the opportunities for embedded IoT devices to drive additional energy conservation. Additional Energy Savings NEMA believes that smart buildi
49、ng systems, including the associated connected devices, can push energy savings to new levels by not just focusing on the energy efficiency of individual systems or devices but on how energy is consumed within the building performance envelope and building systems. Based on network connectivity, data analysis, optimization tools, algorithms, security (including cyber security) and services building power consumption can be further reduced through a
