1、 Reference numberISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012(E)IEEE 1999INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC/IEEE31320-2First edition2012-09-15Information technology Modeling Languages Part 2: Syntax and Semantics for IDEF1X97(IDEFobject) Technologies de linformation Langages de modlisation Partie 2: Syntaxe et smantique p
2、our IDEF1X97(IDEFobject) ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT IEEE 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without
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14、from ISO or the IEEE Standards Association. ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2 was prepared by the Software utilizes graphics to state the interface; and defines a declarative,directly executable Rule and Constraint Language for requests and realizations. IDEF1X97conceptualmodeling supports implementation by rela
15、tional databases, extended relational databases, objectdatabases, and object programming languages. IDEF1X97is formally defined in terms of first order logic. Aprocedure is given whereby any valid IDEF1X97model can be transformed into an equivalent theory in firstorder logic. That procedure is then
16、applied to a meta model of IDEF1X97to define the valid set of IDEF1X97models.Keywords: conceptual schema, data model, IDEF1X, IDEF1X97, identity style, information model, keystyle, object modelThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, U
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30、legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012(E) ii Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIntroductionThis introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1320.2-1998, IEEE Standard for Conceptual Modeling
31、Language Syntax andSemantics for IDEF1X97(IDEFobject).BackgroundThe need for semantic models to represent conceptual schemas was recognized by the US Air Force in themid 1970s as a result of the Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Program. The objective ofthis program was to increase manu
32、facturing productivity through the systematic application of computertechnology. The ICAM program identified a need for better analysis and communication techniques for peo-ple involved in improving manufacturing productivity. As a result, the ICAM program developed a series oftechniques known as th
33、e ICAM Definition (IDEF) methods, which included the following: a) IDEF0, a technique used to produce a “function model,” which is a structured representation of theactivities or processes within the environment or system.b) IDEF1, a technique used to produce an “information model,” which represents
34、 the structure andsemantics of information within the environment or system.c) IDEF2, a technique used to produce a “dynamics model,” which represents the time-varying behav-ioral characteristics of the environment or system.IDEF0 and IDEF1X (the successor to IDEF1) continue to be used extensively i
35、n various government andindustry settings. IDEF2 is no longer used to any significant extent. The initial approach to IDEF information modeling (IDEF1) was published by the ICAM program in 1981,based on current research and industry needs B23.1The theoretical roots for this approach stemmed fromthe
36、early work of Dr. E. F. Codd on relational theory and Dr. P. P. S. Chen on the entity-relationship model.The initial IDEF1 technique was based on the work of Dr. R. R. Brown and Mr. T. L. Ramey of Hughes Air-craft and Mr. D. S. Coleman of D. Appleton Company, with critical review and influence by Mr
37、. C. W. Bach-man, Dr. P. P. S. Chen, Dr. M. A. Melkanoff, and Dr. G. M. Nijssen.In 1983, the US Air Force initiated the Integrated Information Support System (I2S2) project under the ICAMprogram. The objective of this project was to provide the enabling technology to integrate a network of het-eroge
38、neous computer hardware and software both logically and physically. As a result of this project andindustry experience, the need for an enhanced technique for information modeling was recognized. Application within industry had led to the development in 1982 of a Logical Database Design Technique(LD
39、DT) by R. G. Brown of the Database Design Group. The technique was also based on the relationalmodel of Dr. E. F. Codd and the entity-relationship model of Dr. P. P. S. Chen, with the addition of the gen-eralization concepts of J. M. Smith and D. C. P. Smith. LDDT provided multiple levels of models
40、and a setof graphics for representing the conceptual view of information within an enterprise. It had a high degree ofoverlap with IDEF1 features, included additional semantic and graphical constructs, and addressed informa-tion modeling enhancement requirements that had been identified under the I2
41、S2program. Under the techni-cal leadership of Dr. M. E. S. Loomis of D. Appleton Company, a substantial subset of LDDT was combinedwith the methodology of IDEF1 and published by the ICAM program in 1985 B15. This technique wascalled IDEF1 Extended or, simply, IDEF1X. In December 1993, the US governm
42、ent released a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) forIDEF1X. FIPS PUB 184 B13 was based on the ICAM program description of IDEF1X and additional fea-tures originally included in LDDT. The FIPS clarified and corrected points in the ICAM publication, sepa-1The numbers in brackets correspon
43、d to those of the bibliography items listed in Annex A.ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012(E) iv Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.rated language syntax and semantics definition from practice and use issues, and provided a formal first-order language definition of IDEF1X. IEEE Std 1320.2-1998 continues
44、 the evolution of the IDEF1X language. It is driven by two needs. First,development of a national standard for the language makes the definition more accessible to organizationsthat do not follow US government standards and allows consideration and inclusion of features needed out-side the US federa
45、l government sector. Second, the needs of the users of a standard change over time as sys-tem development techniques and available technology continue to evolve. Some users adopt new conceptsearlier than others. To be valuable to the widest set of users, this standard needs to support a range of pra
46、c-tices, from those supported by the FIPS to those that are emerging as future drivers of integration. The change in the drivers of integration is being recognized by both government and private sector organiza-tions. Integration involves not only data but the operations performed on that data. The
47、emerging objectmodeling approaches seek to treat all activities as performed by collaborating objects that encompass boththe data and the operations that can be performed against that data. There is increasing interest in theseapproaches in both the government and private sectors. Original work done
48、 for the National Institute of Stan-dards and Technology (NIST) in 1994 and early 1995 by Robert G. Brown of the Database Design Group(DBDG) provides the basic elements required for a graceful evolution of IDEF1X toward full coverage ofobject modeling B5. The DBDG work analyzed the 1993 definition o
49、f IDEF1X and compared to it to the emerging consensusobject model. The analysis showed that The concepts of the current IDEF1X were a subset of those of the object model, The current IDEF1X contained restrictions that are unnecessary in the object model, and The object model contains significant new concepts. The work also showed that if the concepts of IDEF1X were more fully developed, the restrictions dropped,and the new concepts added, the result would be an upwardly compatible object modeling technique. Theevolutionary features of IDEF1X de
