1、专升本英语-72 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：100.00)Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. T
2、o the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic(内在的) superiority of one culture over another; just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy(等级制) among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, underdeveloped forms of speech in gener
3、al began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for th
4、e transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, howev
5、er, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery of vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions
6、 in “backward“ languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness “this“ and “that“; some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person
7、 addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：12.50）(1).The languages of uncivi
8、lized groups as compared to western languages are limited in _.（分数：2.50）A.sound patternsB.grammatical structuresC.vocabularyD.both B and C(2).The author says that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _.（分数：2.50）A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among eastern culturesD.among peop
9、le speaking “backward“ languages(3).According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.（分数：2.50）A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ability to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures(4).The author says that professional linguists recognize that _.（
10、分数：2.50）A.western languages are superior to eastern languagesB.all languages come from grunts and groansC.the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD.there is no hierarchy of languages(5).Which of the following is implied in the passage?（分数：2.50）A.The study of languages has discredited an
11、thropological studies.B.The study of languages has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of languages is the same as the study of anthropologists.D.The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.Unlike the carefully
12、 weighed and planned compositions of Dante, Goethe“s writings always have a sense of immediacy and enthusiasm. He was a constant experimenter with life, with ideas and with forms of writing. For the same reason, his works seldom have the qualities of finish or formal beauty which distinguish the mas
13、terpieces of Dante and Virgil. He came to love the beauties of classicism, but it was never an essential part of his make-up. Instead, the urgency of the moment, the spirit of the thing, guided his pen. As a result, nearly all his works have serious flaw of structure, of inconsistencies, of excesses
14、 and redundancies and extremities. In a large sense, Goethe represents the fullest development of the romanticism. It has been argued that he should not be so designated because he so clearly matured and outgrew the kind of romanticism exhibited by Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats. Shelley and Keats d
15、ied young; Wordsworth lived narrowly and abandoned his early attitudes. In contrast, Goethe lived abundantly and developed his faith in the spirit, his understanding of nature and human nature, and his reliance on feelings as man“s essential motivating force. The result was an all-encompassing visio
16、n of reality and a philosophy of life broader and deeper than the partial visions and attitudes of other romanticists. Yet the spirit of youthfulness, the impatience with close reasoning or “logic chopping“, and the continued faith in nature remained his to the end, together with an occasional waywa
17、rdness and impulsiveness and a disregard of artistic or logical propriety, which savor strongly of romantic individualism. Since so many twentieth century thoughts and attitudes are similarly based on the stimulus of the Romantic Movement. Goethe stands as particularly the poet of the modern man as
18、Dante stood for medieval man and as Shakespeare for the man of the Renaissance.（分数：12.50）(1).The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.（分数：2.50）A.Goethe and DanteB.The Characteristics of RomanticismC.Goethe, the RomanticistD.Goethe“s Abundant Life(2).Goethe“s work shows a lack of
19、_.（分数：2.50）A.a vision of realityB.repetitionsC.formal polishD.knowledge of Shakespeare(3).A characteristic of romanticism NOT mentioned in this passage is _.（分数：2.50）A.interest in natureB.modernity of ideasC.youthful attitudeD.simplicity of language(4).Goethe is called the poet of the modern man bec
20、ause _.（分数：2.50）A.he developed his faithB.he lived longer than Shelley and KeatsC.he presents many twentieth-century ideasD.his work has serious flaws(5).According to this passage, Goethe _.（分数：2.50）A.stimulated many modern ideasB.disliked Dante and VirgilC.should be called a classicistD.was illogic
21、alThere is no doubt that adults, and even highly educated adults, vary greatly in the speed and efficiency of their reading. Some proceed very slowly throughout; others dash along too quickly and then have to regress. Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading ac
22、cording to the type of reading matter and to their intentions in reading it. A good reader can move at great speed through the text of a novel or similar light reading matter. He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about wi
23、thout really reading it. In reading more difficult material, with the intention of taking in the whole of it, he will proceed more slowly, but even then he will vary his pace, concentrating on the key words and passages, perhaps re-reading them several times and pass more quickly over the remainder.
24、 A less efficient reader tends to maintain the same speed whatever the material he reads. Consequently, even light reading matter gives him little pleasure because he reads so slowly. But this pace may be too fast for really difficult material, which requires special concentration at difficult point
25、s. A type of reading which necessitates careful attention to detail is proof-reading, in which the reader, in order to detect misprints in a sample print, has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. This is extremely difficult
26、 for most people, since they are accustomed to overlooking such details. In fact, considerable practice is required to practise this task efficiently and it can be done only be reading very slowly, and by paying comparatively little attention to the general meaning of the text.（分数：12.50）(1).The auth
27、or claims that there is a difference in reading speed _.（分数：2.50）A.among readers who have different experienceB.among all the readersC.between the poorly educated and the highly educatedD.among the highly educated people(2).A good reader is a reader who _.（分数：2.50）A.concentrates on the wonderful par
28、t of the articleB.always reads slowly and carefullyC.changes his speed according to the kind of textD.changes his speed according to the interesting of the text(3).The author says that when reading a novel, a good reader can quickly read _.（分数：2.50）A.every part of the bookB.the most wonderful part i
29、n the bookC.the major part in the bookD.the scientific part of the book(4).The last two sentences of the first paragraph mean that _.（分数：2.50）A.a reading speed too slow for a difficult book is just right for a non-serious oneB.a reading speed too slow for a non-serious book may be too fast for a dif
30、ficult oneC.a reading speed too fast for difficult material is just right for a non-serious book is also too slow for a difficultpage, pick oneD.a reading speed too slow for a non-serious book is also too slow for a difficult one(5).Which of the following can be the title of the passage?（分数：2.50）A.R
31、eading and listening.B.Difference between highly educated and poorly educated.C.Practice reading skill.D.Difference in the speed and efficiency of reading.Central Park, emerging from a period of abuse and neglect, remains one of the most popular attractions in New York City, with half a million out-
32、of-towners among the more than 3 million people who visit the park yearly. About 15 million individual visits are made each year. Summer is the season for softball, concerts, and Shakespeare; fall is stunning; winter is wonderful for sledding, skating, and skiing; and spring-time is the loveliest of
33、 all. It was all planned that way. About 130 years ago Frederic Law Olmsted and his collaborator Calvert Vaux submitted their landscaping plan for rectangular parcel two miles north of the town“s center. The barren swampy tract, home for squatters and a bone-boiling works that made glue, was reporte
34、d as “a pestilential spot where miasmic odors taint every breath of air“. It took 16 years for workers with pickaxes and shovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth and rock, and to plant half a million trees and shrubs, making a tribute to naturea romantic nineteenth-century perception of nature.
35、 What exists today is essentially Olmsted and Vaux“s plan, with more trees, buildings, and asphalt. Landscape architects still speak reverently of Olmsted“s genius and foresight, and the sensitive visitor can see the effects he sought.（分数：12.50）(1).With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?（
36、分数：2.50）A.The lives of Olmsted and Vaux.B.New York City“s tourist industry.C.Examples of nineteenth-century art in New York City.D.The development of Central Park.(2).According to the passage, which is the prettiest time of year in Central Park?（分数：2.50）A.Winter.B.Spring.C.Summer.D.Fall.(3).It can b
37、e inferred that the “rectangular parcel“ mentioned in Para. 3 is _.（分数：2.50）A.the site of Central ParkB.the gift presented to New YorkC.a skyscraper in New YorkD.the proposed design for Central Park(4).According to the passage, before Olmsted and Vaux began their work, the area now occupied by Centr
38、al Park was _.（分数：2.50）A.a romantic placeB.an infertile, marshy spaceC.a green and hilly parkD.a baseball field(5).It can be inferred from the passage that today“s landscape architects praise Olmsted for his _.（分数：2.50）A.enthusiasm for sportB.skill at designing factoriesC.concern for New York“s home
39、less peopleD.foresight in anticipating New York“s urbanizationMany mammals live through the winter by hibernating (冬眠). There is a nice problem of definition here. Most experts now agree that a mammal can be said to hibernate only if body temperature drops greatly and its whole metabolismincluding r
40、espiration and heart rateis much reduced. This is the case with animals like the woodchucks, hamsters, and hedgehogs, which hibernate in their burrows, and bats, which gather in caves. Bears, however, are not classed as hibernators. They pass most of the winter sleeping, but their body temperature d
41、rops only a few degrees, and they can become active without going through a slow process of warming up. Bears, relying on fat reserves to keep them going, even produce their young during this period. Mammals are warm-blooded, that is, they have a means of keeping the temperature of their bodies quit
42、e constant despite the normal temperature changes of the outside world. Cold-blooded animals, fish, reptiles, insects, amphibians, also have a certain amount of control over their body temperature. They can warm up, if they are too cold, by sunning themselves, or cool off by getting into the shade.
43、But it is hard for cold-blooded animals to keep warm in the winter. For any animal to be active, its body temperature must be above freezing. This is because the chemistry of life depends on water in a liquid state. If the body actually freezes, the whole system is disrupted and the animal dies. So
44、cold-blooded animals in the north must either find some place to spend the winter where temperatures do not reach the freezing points, or develop a special resting stage in which the water content of the protoplasm(原生质) is much reduced. This will make its freezing point much lower than usual. Thus a
45、nimals about to hibernate often dig down into the soil.（分数：12.50）(1).Most experts agree that true hibernation involves _.（分数：2.50）A.sleeping through the winterB.reduced heart rate and temperatureC.decrease in water content of the bodyD.spending the winter in burrows or caves(2).Bears can pass most o
46、f the winter sleeping because they _.（分数：2.50）A.are hibernatorsB.have a low body temperatureC.have a sufficient reserve of fatD.have a slow process of warming up(3).Cold-blooded animals are so called because they _.（分数：2.50）A.can not keep their body temperature constantB.can not warm up their body t
47、emperature in the winterC.can cool themselves off by getting into a shadeD.are not active in the winter(4).It is implied that the body temperature of a cold-blooded animal _.（分数：2.50）A.is lower than that of a warm-blooded animalB.is always very coldC.stays at a fairly constant levelD.changes in resp
48、onse to air temperature(5).The reduction of the water content of an animal“s body protoplasm will enable the animal _.（分数：2.50）A.to reduce its body temperatureB.to survive the freezing temperature in the winterC.to dig down deep into the soilD.to stay completely motionlessReal policemen, both in Bri
49、tain and in the United States, hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see about themselves on TV. The first difference is that a policeman“s real life revolves round the law. Most of Iris training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer. Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal. As soon as he is arrested,
