1、现代语言学自考题-15 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：11，分数：22.00)1.In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误2.If
2、two phonetically similar sounds dont appear in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误3.“Beat“ and “bit“ are not a minimal pair.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误4.Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word begins with an/l/or/r/, the n
3、ext segment must be a vowel. That is why /lbik/ does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误5.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying“ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
4、（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误6.Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误7.Monosyllabic words can also have word stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误8.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wo
5、rd stress and sentence stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误9.Words of only one syllable can not be said to have word stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误10.Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误11.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meani
6、ng in almost every language, especially in a language like English.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误三、B(总题数：26，分数：52.00)12.phonic medium of language（分数：2.00）_13.phonetics（分数：2.00）_14.auditory phonetics（分数：2.00）_15.articulatory phonetics（分数：2.00）_16.voicing（分数：2.00）_17.IPA（分数：2.00）_18.broad transcription（分数：2.00）_19
7、.narrow transcription（分数：2.00）_20.vowel（分数：2.00）_21.fricative（分数：2.00）_22.consonants（分数：2.00）_23.manner of articulation（分数：2.00）_24.place of articulation（分数：2.00）_25.affricates（分数：2.00）_26.glides（分数：2.00）_27.front vowel（分数：2.00）_28.diphthong（分数：2.00）_29.phoneme（分数：2.00）_30.phone（分数：2.00）_31.phonemic
8、 contrast（分数：2.00）_plementary distribution（分数：2.00）_33.minimal pair（分数：2.00）_34.assimilation rule（分数：2.00）_35.suprasegmental features（分数：2.00）_36.sentence stress（分数：2.00）_37.tone（分数：2.00）_四、B(总题数：3，分数：26.00)38.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they
9、 are related.（分数：8.00）_39.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.（分数：9.00）_40.The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exa
10、mples how they function in the distinction of meaning.（分数：9.00）_现代语言学自考题-15 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：11，分数：22.00)1.In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in
11、the same phonemic context or environment.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在英语中有送气和不送气的清音爆破音存在，一般情况下清音爆破音发送气音。而英语里的 3 个清音爆破音/p/，/t/和/k/在前接/s/后接一个元音的情况下发不送气音。改正：In English the voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the different context or environment.2.If two phonetically simil
12、ar sounds dont appear in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从语音学的角度来看非常相似的几个声音，如果出现在相同的场合并具区别意义的作用，那么它们处于音位对立的状态；如果它们在不同的场合出现，也从来不会形成对立，那么它们是相同音位的音位变体，这样这些相同音位的音位变体就具有互补分布的特点。3.“Beat“ and “bit“ are not a minimal pair.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解
13、析 如果两个不同语音组合，除了在相同的位置有一个语音切分不同之外，其他任何方面都相同，那么这两个语音组合(单词)就被认为形成了一个最小对立对。在英语里面，beat，bit 的发音中除了元音外其他的辅音均完全相同，因此，它们构成最小对立对。改正：“Beat“ and “bit“ are a minimal pair.4.Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word begins with an/l/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is
14、why /lbik/ does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 一种特殊语言里的声音组合方式是由规则来制约的，与之相关的音位系统决定着该使用什么样的音位作为一个单词的开头、结尾、或者相互之间的顺序。这也表明 lbik 等在英语里都是不可能存在的原因是它们违背了英语的音位排序方面规则的限制。5.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another
15、by “copying“ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 同化规则是指一个语音受同一音位序列中另外一个音素的影响，从而“复制”另外一个音素的某种特征，结果使得两个音素非常相似。6.Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析
16、 对相邻语音的同化主要是由发音或者生理过程引起的。7.Monosyllabic words can also have word stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 重音是一个相对的概念只有两个或两个以上音节的单词才可以说有单词重音，单音节的单词，即只有一个音节的单词，是不可能有单词重音的。改正：Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic words, i.e. words of
17、only one syllable, can not be said to have word stress.8.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 按照所存在的环境情况，重音可以分为两类：单词重音和句子重音。9.Words of only one syllable can not be said to have word stress.（分数：2
18、.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 重音是一个相对的概念，只有包含两个或两个以上音节的单词才可以说有单词重音。单音节的单词，即只有一个音节的单词，是不可能有单词重音的。10.Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句子重音指的是句子中不同单词之间相对的发音的强弱。在句子中，一些单词比另外一些单词要重要得多，那么这些重要的单词在发音的时候需要用较大些的音强以使其更加明显、突出。11.Intonation plays
19、 an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句子中除了孤立的单词外，还被附加上了音高、重音和音长等因素，所有这些东西统称为语调。语调在任何语言里都发挥着传导意义的作用，尤其是在像英语这样的语言里。三、B(总题数：26，分数：52.00)12.phonic medium of language（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Phonic medium of languag
20、e refers to that the limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e. the speech sounds.)解析：解析 语言学家并不是对所有的声音都感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地的、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音。这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。13.phonetics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Phonetics is de
21、fined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.)解析：解析 语音学一般定义为对语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。14.auditory phonetics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Auditory phonetics is the branch of phonetic research from the hearers point of view.
22、They look into the impression which a speech sound makes on the hearer as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain.)解析：解析 从听话者的角度来观察语音，也就是要研究那些声音是采用一种什么样的方式被听话者所接收的。这个语音学的分支被称为听觉语音学。15.articulatory phonetics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Articulatory phonetics is one of the branches of phonetics that
23、is the longest established and the most highly developed. It helps us have a good understanding of how our speech organs work to produce the sounds we hear, and in what ways the sounds differ.)解析：解析 在语音学的三个分支里，建立历史最长、迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。因此，我们才比较清楚，我们的发音器官是怎么发出我们所能听到的声音的，以及这些声音都在哪些方面有所不同。16.voicing（分数：2.
24、00）_正确答案：(Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.)解析：解析 当声带拉紧，气流以不同的速度强行通过时候就会使声带颤动。这种声带的颤动导致一种语音音色的产生“浊音”，这是所有元音和诸如b，z，m之类的辅音所共有的特征。当声带拉得很宽的时候，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音就没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。英语中像t，s，f之类的辅音都是清音。17.IPA（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(IPA is a standar
25、dized and internationally accepted system of phonic transcription, and its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound.)解析：解析 19 世纪末，发音语音学在一些西方国家开始取得实质性的进展，这使得学者们感觉到有必要搞出一套标准的、能够在国际上得到认可的音标系统，于是，国际音标(IPA)就应运而生了。至今语音学家和语言学家们仍然在沿用这套音标，其间只做过小小的修改。国际音标的基本原则就是对每个不同的语
26、音都分别用一个不同的字母来代表。18.broad transcription（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Broad transcription is one of the two ways to transcribe speech sounds. It is the transcription with letter-symbols only. It is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. For example, the symbol l is used for the sound l in words like
27、leaf *, feel *, build bild, and health hel，though the l in all these four sound combinations differ slightly.)解析：解析 我们现在有两套标示语音的方法，一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法，另一套则是字母符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法。前者叫做“宽式标音法”。这是字典和教科书一般采用的标音方法。后者，即带有附加符号的那种音标，叫做“严式标音法”。这是语音学家们在对语音的研究中所需要和使用的标音方法。19.narrow transcription（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Narrow
28、transcription is a way to transcribe sounds and a set of symbols called diacritics are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds, e.g. dark * and clearl，and aspiratedp h and unaspiratedp. It is usually used by phoneticians in their study.)解析：解析 鉴于人类所发出的语
29、音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示那些仅靠字母本身所不能解决的微妙的语音差别。因此，我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法，另一套则是字符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法。前者叫做“宽式标音法”。后者叫做“严式标音法”。20.vowel（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passe
30、s through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. For examples: *, /ei/, *, etc.)解析：解析 元音和辅音的基本区别在于发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则受到不同形式的阻碍。21.fricative（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(The fricative is a consonant which is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced
31、through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point. The fricatives in English arefvsz*h.)解析：解析 英语辅音在发音时，如果所形成的阻碍是部分的，气流被迫从口腔中的狭窄通道通过，从而在阻碍处发生局部摩擦，这样产生的语音叫做擦音。英语里的擦音有fvsz*h。22.consonants（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(The sounds in the production of which there is an obstructio
32、n of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. e.g. p, f, h, etc.)解析：解析 元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。23.manner of articulation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(答案 Manner of articulation is one of the two ways classified English consonants. By “man
33、ner of articulation“ we mean the manner in which obstruction is created. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following six types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.)解析：解析 所谓的“发音方法”，指的是气流产生阻碍的方法。按照发音方法，英语的辅音可以划分为以下几类：爆破音、擦音、塞擦音、流音、
34、鼻音、滑音。24.place of articulation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Place of articulation is one of the two ways classified English consonants. By “place of articulation“ we mean the place where obstruction is created. English consonants can be classified into seven types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal
35、, velar, glottal.)解析：解析 “发音位置”指的是气流产生阻碍的地方，是英语辅音的两种分类方法之一。按照发音位置，英语的辅音可以分为以下几类：双唇音、唇齿音、齿音、齿龈音、腭音、软腭音、喉音。25.affricates（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction (as in fricatives), the sounds thus produced are affri
36、cates. In English there are two affricates * and *)解析：解析 塞擦音，如果发音器官一开始形成全部的阻碍，然后再在发擦音的同时(和发擦音时的情况一样)慢慢地放开，通过这种方式所得到的音叫做塞擦音。英语里共有*和*两个塞擦音。26.glides（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Glides, sometimes called “semivowels“, are a rather marginal category. The English glides are w and j, both voiced. They are formed in the same manner as the vowels u and i, with a narrower passage between the lips or between t
