1、现代语言学自考题-17 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1._ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.A
2、sentence is considered _ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or gr
3、ammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is _. A. one is subordinate to the other B.
4、they hold unequal status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.“We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met“ is a _ sentence. A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D. simple（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.The subordinate clause in a complex sentenc
5、e is normally called _ clause. A. an embedded B. a main C. a matrix D. a major（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula S _ “NP VP“. A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.Language is a highly _ system of communication. A. well-
6、formed B. ill-formed C. structured D. distructured（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.11.All sentences in all languages can be represented by cons
7、tituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.12.A _ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the
8、subject or predicate in a sentence. A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.13.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _, commonly known as parts of speech. A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.14.The structural and logical functional rel
9、ations of constituents are called _ relations. A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.15.In the phrase structure rule “SNP VP“, the arrow can be read as _. A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.16.The rules that group words and phrases to for
10、m grammatical sentences are called _ rules. A. lexical B. structural C. coordinate D. combinational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.17.VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _ and complements in phrases. A. heads B. specifiers C. lexical items D. obligatory words（分数：2.00）A.B
11、.C.D.18.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A. phase structure rules B. syntactic rules C. lexical rules D. transformational rules（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.19.With the _ theory, linguists are able to describe and explain explicitly some universal properties of natural languages. A
12、. prescriptive B. X-bar C. descriptive D. structuralist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.20.When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are _ the noun phrase to the left. A. rewriting B. postposing C. maintaining D. preposing（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.21
13、.“She gave the book to John.“ can be changed to “To whom did she give the book?“ This involves _. A. NP-movement B. WH-movement C. AUX-movement D. post-verb adjective movement（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.22.Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universa
14、l grammar known as the _ theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.23.Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are important components in the well-known theory of _. A. traditional grammar B. functional grammar C. universal grammar D.
15、 phrase structure grammar（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.24.The theory of _ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. A. Case Condition B. Adjacent Condition C. parameter D. Adjacent parameters（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.25.It is the _ on Case assignment that states that a Case assi
16、gnor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. A. Case Condition B. parameter C. Adjacent Condition D. Adjacent Parameter（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.26.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to _ set on UG principles to particular values. A. Adjacent Condition B. parameters C. Case Condi
17、tion D. Case requirement（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：20，分数：48.00)27.Morphology studies how words are formed, while s 1 studies how words are combined to form sentences.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_28.For any natural language, a set of s 1 rules are capable of yielding an endless number of
18、 sentences in that language.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_29.A f 1 verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_30.The subject in a sentence is the r 1 expression which refers to some entity, such as a perso
19、n, a place, a thing, an idea, or an event. It may be a noun or a noun phrase.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_31.A s 1 is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_32.Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow
20、 words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of i 1 linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_33.A f 1 clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the same t
21、ime stands structurally alone.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_34.A simple sentence consists of a single c 1 which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_35.A c 1 sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and“, “but“, “or“.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_36.The
22、 clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m 1 clause.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_37.A c 1 sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_38.The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s 1 the other.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_39.The s
23、equential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l 1.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_40.In addition to the use of structural tree diagram, linguists may show the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets and subscript labels, and more formally, the structures of senten
24、ces are represented with both opening and c 1 csubscript labels.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_41.Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c 1 they belong to.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_42.The g 1 relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_43.
25、XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes his puppy“ consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s 1, N the head and S the complement.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_44.A 1 is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position, such as “be“, “have“, “do“ etc.（分数：3.00）填
26、空项 1:_45.G 1 questions in English may motivate syntactic movement with AUX-movement.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_46.The application of syntactic movement rules t 1 a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-structure.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_现代语言学自考题-17 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B
27、(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1._ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 句法学(syntax)是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。syntax 原意是排列、布置，现在是说句子是根据词的特定排列顺序
28、所构成的，顺序排列恰当的句子被认为是合乎语法的句子。2.A sentence is considered _ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 句法学是语法的重要组成部分，它由一套抽象的规则组成，这些规则能够使词相互结合构成合乎语法的句子。当一个句子符合操本族语者头脑中的语法知识时，它就被认为是合乎语法的。另一方面，如果一个句子违
29、反了词的排列规则，操本族语的人就会认为这样的句子在他们的语言中是不存在的。3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体
30、系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。语言学的一个主要目标就是要用一种连贯的、明晰的语法理论来说明句法规则是如何解释这种语法知识的。语法理论必须要给说话人认为明显属于合格句或者说是合乎语法的句子提供话语特征描述。4.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。5.The
31、relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is _. A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold unequal status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 并列句由被称作并列连词的连接词连接在一起，它的两个子句在结构上、地位上都是相同的，相互间没有从属关系。换句话说，每个子句都可以同另一子句分离并单独构成结构
32、上独立的句子。6.“We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met“ is a _ sentence. A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D. simple（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 复合句包含两个或更多的子句，其中一个子句被并入另一个子句中。也就是说，复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。题干处句子是一个状语从句，很显然该句是个复合句。7.The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is normally
33、 called _ clause. A. an embedded B. a main C. a matrix D. a major（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位的子句通常叫做从属子句，而包纳从属子句的子句被称作主句。8.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula S _ “NP VP“. A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical（分数：2
34、.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 在说或者写一个句子时，句子中的词是按先后次序逐个出现的，同时，听或读也是按先后顺序一个接一个地进行。句子中词的这种先后顺序表明句子结构是线性结构。9.Language is a highly _ system of communication. A. well-formed B. ill-formed C. structured D. distructured（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言是一个非常有条理的信息传递系统，句子并不是通过词的随意组合而构成的，而是遵守一套句法规则把语言成分按特定的顺序进行排列而成的。10.A _ in t
35、he embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 大多数子句都要求有一个引导词，即从属连词，比如“that”，“if”，“for”，“until”，“after”，以及“before”等。从属连词不仅标志着一个句子的开始，即引出从句，更重要的是指明子句在复合句中的语法作用。11.All sentences in
36、 all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 所有语言中的所有句子都能用成分结构树型图表示，而且所有句子都有决定单词线性排列与层次结构的句法规则。12.A _ categor
37、y usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 除了句子和子句以外，句法类型通常是指在句中起一定语法作用的词(称作词类)或者词组(称作词组类)，比如句中的主语。可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。13.Words in a
38、 sentence are organized into groups of lexical _, commonly known as parts of speech. A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categories（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 词可以归入不同的词汇类别，通称作词性。语言中的词分为主要词类和次要词类。14.The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called _ relations. A. linear B. hierarchi
39、cal C. semantic D. grammatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 我们对语言学知识的掌握应包括对句子构成成分之间结构关系和逻辑关系，也就是我们所说的语法关系。15.In the phrase structure rule “SNP VP“, the arrow can be read as _. A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 短语结构规则“SNP VP”中箭头读作“由构成”。16.The rules that group words an
40、d phrases to form grammatical sentences are called _ rules. A. lexical B. structural C. coordinate D. combinational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 讲本族语的人大脑中所内化的实际上并不是所有的词和词组，而是一套有关语法知识的规则系统，比如将词和词组组合起来构成合格句的组合规则。一方面，这些组合规则数量要小，不致于给人的大脑造成沉重的记忆负担；另一方面，这些规则功能必须强大，能够产生出所有可接受的句子，排除人们不能接受的句子。17.VP, AP and PP shar
41、e similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _ and complements in phrases. A. heads B. specifiers C. lexical items D. obligatory words（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 VP，AP 和 PP 看上去都有与 NP 相似的句法特征，即都可以带有指示语和补语。例如： 指示语核心词补语NPI knowthestudentwho likes linguisticsAP She is very curousof the answ
42、erVP They each tolda storyPPHe stoodright inthe middleof the room18.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A. phase structure rules B. syntactic rules C. lexical rules D. transformational rules（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 句子中的某个成分从它原来所处的位置移至新的位置就产生句法位移。句法位移是受传统上被称为转换规则的这些规则所支配的，转
43、换规则的运用会改变句子的句法表达方式。19.With the _ theory, linguists are able to describe and explain explicitly some universal properties of natural languages. A. prescriptive B. X-bar C. descriptive D. structuralist（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 X标杆理论能够简化一条一条的短语结构规则，它可以充分概括出世界上所有语言中词组类所具有的某些基本特征。利用这种方法，语言学家可以对自然语言的一些普遍特征进
44、行描述并作出明确解释。20.When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are _ the noun phrase to the left. A. rewriting B. postposing C. maintaining D. preposing（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 在英语的被动语态转换过程中，当我们把名词短语从宾语位置移到主语位置时，我们是把名词短语前移至左边。21.“She
45、 gave the book to John.“ can be changed to “To whom did she give the book?“ This involves _. A. NP-movement B. WH-movement C. AUX-movement D. post-verb adjective movement（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 英语中句法位移主要有两种：一种是涉及名词词组的位移，另一种是涉及“what”，“who”，“when”，“where”等 WH 词的位移。本题改后的疑问句显然涉及到 WH 一词位移。22.Since early
46、1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _ theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 自 20 世纪 80 年代早期开始，诺姆乔姆斯基和其他一些生成语言学家就提出并发展了一套普遍语法理论(UG)，称为原则及参数理论。按照乔姆斯基的说法，普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系，它存在于正常人的大脑之中。23.Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and parameters are important components in the well-know
