1、现代语言学自考题-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：27，分数：27.00)1.Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误2.Well-arranged sentences a
2、re considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误3.The part of a sentence which comprises an finite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误4.A sentence is a grammatical unit which is structurally independent and
3、 complete.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误5.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误6.Clauses may stand structurally independent as complete statements, and also be combined with other clauses to form sentences.（分数
4、：1.00）A.正确B.错误7.The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesnt indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误8.The sequential order of words in a sentence which is only in written form suggests that the structure of the sent
5、ence is linear.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误9.The relationship between the matrix clause and its embedded clause is one of a part to a whole.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误10.An embedded clause may function as a grammatical well-formed sentence if its form changes.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误11.The superficial arrangement of words in a
6、 linear sequence indicates that sentences are simply linearly-structured.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误12.Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses Conly.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误13.“The student“ in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.“ and “The linguistic lecture“ in the sentence “The l
7、inguistic lecture liked the student.“ belong to the same syntactic category.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误14.In the sentence “The father beat the child“, “the child“ is both a structural and logical object.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误15.A logical subject may lie in different positions in a sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误16.Stri
8、ctly speaking, the statement that the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb is true in terms of both structural and logical concepts.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误17.The structural subject and logical subject have different positions in a sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误18.Th
9、e recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误19.NP-movement only occurs when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误20.The structure that oc
10、curs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误21.Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误22.The level of syntactic rep
11、resentation before the operation of necessary movement is What we call deep structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误23.A sentence looks different when it is at the different levels of syntactic representation, i.e. D-structure and S-structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误24.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human
12、 species-specific gift which exists in the mind or brain of a normal human being.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误25.According to the “principles-and-parameters“ theory, “principles“ refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same ti
13、me restrain the power of Move , while “parameters“ allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误26.Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move rule operates to change a sentence from the active
14、 voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to any case receiving position.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误27.Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.（分数：
15、1.00）A.正确B.错误三、B(总题数：18，分数：54.00)28.syntax（分数：3.00）_29.coordinate sentence（分数：3.00）_30.embedded clause（分数：3.00）_31.hierarchical structure（分数：3.00）_32.syntactic category（分数：3.00）_33.major lexical category（分数：3.00）_34.grammatical relation（分数：3.00）_35.phrase structure rule（分数：3.00）_36.recursiveness（分数：
16、3.00）_37.X-bar theory（分数：3.00）_38.syntactic movement（分数：3.00）_39.transformational rule（分数：3.00）_40.surface structure（分数：3.00）_41.D-structure（分数：3.00）_42.Move （分数：3.00）_43.Universal Grammar（分数：3.00）_44.UG principles（分数：3.00）_45.Case Condition（分数：3.00）_四、B(总题数：4，分数：19.00)46.Explain the following state
17、ment: For any natural language, a set of syntactic rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language.（分数：5.00）_47.For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. The girl ate the orange.（分数：4.00）_48.Why do we say tree diagrams are more
18、advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.（分数：5.00）_49.Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.（分数：5.00）_现代语言学自考题-18 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-sty
19、le-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：27，分数：27.00)1.Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句法学是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。顺序排列恰当的句子被认为是合乎语法的句子，合乎语法的句子是按照一套句法规则构成的。2.We
20、ll-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句法学是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。合乎语法的句子是按照一套句法规则而构成的。3.The part of a sentence which comprises an finite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.（分数：1.00）A.正
21、确 B.错误解析：解析 句子在结构上是一个独立的单位，通常包括许多词用以构成一个完整的陈述、提问或者命令。通常一个句子至少包括主语和谓语，谓语包含限定动词或动词词组。4.A sentence is a grammatical unit which is structurally independent and complete.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 句子在结构上是一个独立的单位，通常包括许多词用以构成一个完整的陈述、提问或者命令。尽管单个的词，比如“Yes”或“Go，”可以算作句子，但通常一个句子至少包括主语和谓语。改正：The sentence is wrong.
22、For example, we consider “Yes.“ as a sentence which has no subject and predicate. Though it stands independently, it has not complete structure.5.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 简单句只含有
23、一个子句，它包含有一个主语和一个谓语，该子句单独构成句子。6.Clauses may stand structurally independent as complete statements, and also be combined with other clauses to form sentences.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 简单句属于完整的陈述，在结构上可以独立存在，这种类型的子句叫做句子。子 句还可以被并入其他子句，在这种情况下，它们通常叫做从属子句，而不是句子。7.The subordinator only marks the beginning of a
24、n embedded clause, and it doesnt indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 子句可以作其所在主句的句法单位，可以作复合句的主语、宾语或者状语。因此， 子句和主句之间的关系是部分与整体间的关系。大多数子句都要求有一个引导词，即从属 连词，比如“that”，“if”，“for”，“until”，“after”，以及“before”等。从属连词不仅标志着一个子 句的开始，更重要的是指明子句在复合句中的语法作用。改正：T
25、he subordinator does not merely mark the beginning of an embedded clause but more importantly, indicates the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.8.The sequential order of words in a sentence which is only in written form suggests that the structure of the sentence is linear.（
26、分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在说或者写一个句子时，句子中的词是按先后次序逐个出现的，同时，听或读也是按先后顺序一个接一个地进行。句子中词的这种先后顺序表明句子结构是线性结构。改正：The sequential order of words in a sentence which is not only in written form but also in spoken form, suggests that the structure of the sentence is linear.9.The relationship between the matrix clause
27、 and its embedded clause is one of a part to a whole.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 复合句中，子句和主句之间的关系是部分与整体的关系。改正：The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to a whole.10.An embedded clause may function as a grammatical well-formed sentence if its form changes.（分数：1.0
28、0）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 如果复合句中的子句单独存在并对其形式进行改变后构成简单句时，该子句就可以作为合乎语法规范的句子存在了。改正：An embedded clause may function as a grammatically well-formed sentence, if it stands independently and its form changes.11.The superficial arrangement of words in a linear sequence indicates that sentences are simply linearly-st
29、ructured.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 词的表面上的线性次序排列并不意味着句子只存在线性结构，句子的结构还经常存在层次性。改正：The superficial arrangement of words in a linear sequence does not entail that sentences are linearly-structured.12.Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses Conly.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 除了句子和子句以外，句法类型通常是指在句中
30、起一定语法作用的词(称作词类)或者词组(称作词组类)，比如句中的主语。可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。改正：Apart from sentences (S) and clauses C, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject in a sentenc
31、e.13.“The student“ in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.“ and “The linguistic lecture“ in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.“ belong to the same syntactic category.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 除了句子和子句以外，句法类型通常是指在句中起一定语法作用的词(称作词类)或者词组(称作词组类)，比如句中的主语。可以相互替换而又不改变语法属
32、性的成分属于同一句法类型。14.In the sentence “The father beat the child“, “the child“ is both a structural and logical object.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 在英语和许多其他语言中，主语通常位于动词之前，直接宾语通常跟在动词后面。严格说来，这种说法只有在结构主语和结构宾语这种意义上才算正确。换句话说，逻辑主语(动作的执行者)和逻辑宾语(动作的承受者)的位置有所不同。本句话中 the child 既是结构宾语又是逻辑宾语。15.A logical subject may lie i
33、n different positions in a sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 在英语和许多其他语言中，主语通常位于动词之前，直接宾语通常跟在动词后面。严格说来，这种说法只有在结构主语和结构宾语这种意义上才算正确。换句话说，逻辑主语(动作的执行者)和逻辑宾语(动作的承受者)的位置有所不同。16.Strictly speaking, the statement that the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb is true i
34、n terms of both structural and logical concepts.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在英语和许多其他语言中，主语通常位于动词之前，直接宾语通常跟在动词后面。严格说来，这种说法只有在结构主语和结构宾语这种意义上才算正确。换句话说，逻辑主语(动作的执行者)和逻辑宾语(动作的承受者)的位置有所不同。改正：Strictly speaking, this statement is true only in terms of structural concepts, that is, the structural subject and the
35、structural object.17.The structural subject and logical subject have different positions in a sentence.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在一个句子中，有时候结构主语和逻辑主语不一致，有时候结构主语和逻辑主语指的是同一个事物。比如，The child was beaten by the man 中就不一致，而在 The man beat the child 中二者是一样的。改正：In one sentence, sometimes the structural subject a
36、nd the logical subject have different positions as in “The child was beaten by the man“, and sometimes the structural subject is the logical subject as in “The man beat the child“.18.The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, an
37、d sentences with infinite length.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 由于短语结构规则所具有的循环特征，可以生成无数个长度无限的句子。19.NP-movement only occurs when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 并不是所有的名词词组位移都和主动句变被动句有关。比如 It seems they are quite fit for the job. /They seem quite fit for
38、the job.也属于名词词组位移。改正：If a sentence “It appeared they would lose in the game“ is changed as “They appeared to lose in the game.“ It also involves the NP-movement.20.The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 对语法研究来说，句法位移表明了句子结构可以有
39、两个层面的句法表现形式，一个是句法位移前的表达方式，一个为位移后的表达方式。在正式的语言研究中，这两种句法表现形式分别通称为D-结构(或者深层结构)和 S-结构(大致是指表层结构)。21.Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 我们说句子有深层结构和表层结构两个
40、层面的句法表现形式，但这并不意味着我们因此就认为句子在不同的层面上必定要看上去不一样。由于并不是所有的句子都发生位移，所以有些句子在深层结构和表层结构的表现形式是完全一样的。改正：Since syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D-structure and S-structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.22.The level of syntactic representation b
41、efore the operation of necessary movement is What we call deep structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 对语法研究来说，句法位移表明了句子结构可以有两个层面的句法表现形式，一个是句法位移前的表达方式，一个为位移后的表达方式。在正式的语言研究中，这两种句法表现形式通称为 D-结构(或者深层结构)和 S-结构(大致是指表层结构)。23.A sentence looks different when it is at the different levels of syntactic representatio
42、n, i.e. D-structure and S-structure.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 尽管我们说句子有深层结构和表层结构两个层面的句法表现形式，但这并不意味着我们因此就认为句子在不同的层面上必定看上去不一样。由于并不是所有的句子都产生位移，所以有些句子在深层结构和表层结构的表现形式是完全一样的。改正：Since syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D-structure and S-structure of some sentences look exactly the same at
43、 different levels of representation.24.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind or brain of a normal human being.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 按照乔姆斯基的说法，普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系，它存在于正常人的大脑之中。25.According to the “principles-and-parameters“ theory, “principles“ refer to highly abstract properties
