1、现代语言学自考题-19 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：27，分数：54.00)1.Semantics can be defined as the study of _. A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.“There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and
2、the real world)“. This is the _ view concerning the study of meaning. A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.Bloomfield drew on _ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming（分数
3、：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The meaning of a language form is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer“ is proposed by _. A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5._ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlingui
4、stic world of experience. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different _ dialects. A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.“Expensive, valuab
5、le, precious“ are a group of words bearing the same meaning but indicating the different attitude of the user toward what he is talking about. They are _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. semantic C. emotive D. dialectal（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl“
6、and “lass“ belong is called _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.“Sweets“ and “candy“ are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the same thing. The words are _ synonyms. A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic（分数：2.00）
7、A.B.C.D.10.A word with several meanings is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.11.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _. A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophon
8、es（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.12.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is not a kind of antonyms? A. complementary. B. relational. C. superordinate. D. gradable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.13.The relationship between “fruit“ and “apple“ is _. A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy（分数：2.
9、00）A.B.C.D.14.Hyponyms of the same _ are co-hyponyms. A. word B. lexical item C. superordinate D. hyponymy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.15.We call the relation between “animal“ and “horse“ _. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.16.“Interviewer“ and “interviewee“ are a pair of opposite
10、s _. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.17.In the following pairs of words, _ are a pair of relational opposites. A. “buy“ and “sell“ B. “male“ and “female“ C. “hot“ and “cold“ D. “alive“ and “dead“（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.18.The pair of words “lend“ and “borrow“ are _. A
11、. gradable B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.19.“I bought some roses,“ _ “I bought some flowers“. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.20.“Can I borrow his bike?“ _ “He have a bike.“ A. is synonymous with B. is incon
12、sistent with C. entails D. presupposes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.21.One way to analyze lexical meaning is _. A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.22.The semantic components of the word “gentleman“ can be expressed as _. A. +ANIMATE, +MA
13、LE, +HUMAN, -ADULT B. +ANIMATE, +MALE, +HUMAN, +ADULT C. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT D. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.23.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _ meaning. A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.24.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful
14、 is governed by rules called _. A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.25.In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) _ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. A. argum
15、ent B. subject C. object D. predicate（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.26.Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed by the British linguist _. A. John Firth B. Bloomfield C.G. Leech D. Wittgenstein（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.27.An _ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical
16、 with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A. argument B. predicate C. predication D. agent（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B(总题数：22，分数：46.00)28.The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_29.According to the n 1 theory of meaning
17、, the words in a language are taken to he labels of the objects they stand for.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_30.According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its u 1 in the language.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_31.B 1, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.（分数
18、：2.00）填空项 1:_32.R 1 is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_33.S 1 is one aspect of meaning which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_34.Synonyms that are mutually
19、substitutable under all circumstances are c 1 synonyms.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_35.C 1 synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_36.S 1 synonyms are the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_37.P 1 refers to the phe
20、nomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_38.The various meanings of a p 1 word are related to some degree.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_39.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is calle
21、d s 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_40.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r 1 opposites.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_41.X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. X is s 1 with Y.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_42.That the denial of one member of two words imp
22、lies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c 1 antonyms.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_43.There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g 1 antonyms.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_44.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship betwe
23、en X and Y is i 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_45.E 1 is a relation of inclusion.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_46.C 1 analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_47.S 1 restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.（分数：2.00）填空
24、项 1:_48.Linguists have proposed different ways to analyze the meaning of sentences. They might differ in their framework of analysis, but they share the aim to a 1 the meaning of sentences.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_49.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysi
25、s of a sentence, the basic unit is called p 1, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.（分数：3.00）填空项 1:_现代语言学自考题-19 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：27，分数：54.00)1.Semantics can be defined as the study of _. A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context（分数
26、：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。2.“There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)“. This is the _ view concerning the study of meaning. A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 意
27、念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。这一点可以通过语义三角加以阐明： *3.Bloomfield drew on _ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。4.The meaning o
28、f a language form is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer“ is proposed by _. A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。行为主义者试图把词汇意义定义为“说话人说出话语并引起听话人作出反应的情景”(布龙菲尔德，1933)。5._ deals with the relat
29、ionship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。当我们说“狗在叫”时，我们说的肯定是特定情景中的狗，指的是说话人和听话人都知道的那条狗，这就是
30、“狗”这个词在特定情景中的所指。6.Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different _ dialects. A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 方言同义词指用在不同地域方言中的同义词，方言同义词意思大致相同，只是使用的地域不同。英国英语和美国英语是英语中的两大地域方言。7.“Expensive, valuable, precious“ are a group of words bearing the same meaning but
31、indicating the different attitude of the user toward what he is talking about. They are _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. semantic C. emotive D. dialectal（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 情感意义或评价意义不同的同义词指有些同义词意义相同，但所表现的说话人的情感不同，它们反映出说话人对其所谈之事的不同态度或偏见。8.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “
32、girl“ and “lass“ belong is called _ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 同义词可以分为方言同义词、语体同义词、情感同义词等。“girl”在英国苏格兰方言中叫做“lass”或“lassie”。9.“Sweets“ and “candy“ are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the same thing. The words are _ s
33、ynonyms. A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 方言同义词意思大致相同，只是使用的地域不同。英国英语和美国英语是英语中的两大地域方言。题干中英语中的 sweets 和美语中的 candy 均指“糖块”。10.A word with several meanings is a _. A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 不同的词可以有相同
34、或相似的意义，同一个词也可以有一个以上的意义，这就是我们所说的多义关系。具有多义关系的词叫做多义词。11.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _. A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 同音/同形异义关系指的是不同意义的词具有相同的形式这样一种现象。发音相同的词称为同音异义词。12.Ant
35、onyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is not a kind of antonyms? A. complementary. B. relational. C. superordinate. D. gradable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 英语中将反义词分为三种：可分等级的反义词，这些反义词是可分等级的，它指在一对反义词之间经常存在中间形式；互补性反义词，成对的互补性反义词的特点在于，否定其中的一个成分，就意味着肯定了另一个成分；关系反义词，成对反义词的词项间如果存在逆转关系，就可以叫
36、做关系反义词。C 项 superordinate 指上下义关系中的上义词。13.The relationship between “fruit“ and “apple“ is _. A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 上下义关系指的是具有概括性、包含性的词和具体意义的词之间的意义关系。具有概括性意义的词叫做上义词，意义比较具体的词叫做下义词。fruit 与 apple 之间是上下义关系。14.Hyponyms of the same _ are co-hyponyms. A. word B
37、. lexical item C. superordinate D. hyponymy（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 上下义关系指的是具有概括性、包含性的词和具体意义的词之间的意义关系。具有同一个上义词的下义词叫做并列下义词。15.We call the relation between “animal“ and “horse“ _. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 我们称 animal 和 horse 的关系为上下义关系。16.“Interviewer“ and “i
38、nterviewee“ are a pair of opposites _. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 成对反义词的词项如果存在逆转关系，就可以叫做关系反义词。如果 A 面试 B，那么 A 是主持面试的人，B 是参加面试的人。17.In the following pairs of words, _ are a pair of relational opposites. A. “buy“ and “sell“ B. “male“ and “female“ C. “h
39、ot“ and “cold“ D. “alive“ and “dead“（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 成对反义词的词项间如果存在逆转关系，就可以叫做关系反义词。题干 buy 和 sell 属于一对关系反义词。18.The pair of words “lend“ and “borrow“ are _. A. gradable B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 成对的反义词的词项间如果存在逆转关系，就可以叫做关系反义词。例如，如果 A 借东西给 B，则 A 是借出，
40、B 是借入，因此，lend 和 borrow 属于一对关系反义词。19.“I bought some roses,“ _ “I bought some flowers“. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 蕴涵是一种包含关系。若 X 蕴涵 Y，那么 X 的意义包含在 Y 之中。I bought some roses 的意义包含在 I bought some flowers。20.“Can I borrow his bike?“ _ “He
41、have a bike.“ A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 “我能借他的自行车吗?”的前提是“他有自行车。”所以他们之间是预设关系。21.One way to analyze lexical meaning is _. A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D
42、.解析：解析 成分分析是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的意思的方法。这种方法所基于的观点是：词义可以分成不同的意义成分。述谓结构分析是一种句义分析法。22.The semantic components of the word “gentleman“ can be expressed as _. A. +ANIMATE, +MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT B. +ANIMATE, +MALE, +HUMAN, +ADULT C. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT D. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT（分数：2.00）A.B
43、. C.D.解析：解析 成分分析是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的意思的方法。这种方法所基于的观点是：词义可以分成不同的意义成分。加号和减号用来表示词义中是否具有某种语义特征，这些语义特征的标记通常以大写字母写出。gentleman 这个词可以被认为包含下列特征：ANIMATE+MALE+HUMAN+ADULT。23.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _ meaning. A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 语义成分分析法是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的
44、意思的方法。而述谓结构分析法是句义分析法。24.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _. A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 句子在语义上是否有意义是受选择限制规则(selectional restrictions)支配的，它指对词汇间的相互搭配进行限制。有些句子可能在语法上合格，但
45、在语义上可能没有意义，原因在于它们含有不应该搭配在一起的词。如：Green clouds are sleeping furiously。25.In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) _ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 述谓结构由论元和谓词组成。论元指
46、的是述谓结构中的逻辑参与者，基本上等同于句子中的名词部分。谓词谈及的是有关论元的一些事，或者说它说明的是句子中与论元有关的逻辑关系。26.Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed by the British linguist _. A. John Firth B. Bloomfield C.G. Leech D. Wittgenstein（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言学家们提出了不同的句义分析方法，尽管他们的分析方法可能有所不同，但他们的目的都是要对句义加以抽象化。英国语言学家 G利奇提出的是述谓结构分析法。27
