1、现代语言学自考题-1 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Linguistics is the scientific study of _. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.All sentences in all languages c
2、an be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.The word “boyish“ contains two _. A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs（分数
3、：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is _. A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold unequal status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5._ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element a
4、nd the non-linguistic world of experience. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.The _ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication. A. speech act theory B. CP theory C. commun
5、icative competence D. linguistic competence（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances（分数：2.00
6、）A.B.C.D.8.A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.The _ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of bra
7、in lateralization. A. young B. old C. critical D. flexible（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that _. A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learne
8、d to produce babbling sounds C. childrens babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. childrens babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.As th
9、e first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic Uf /Ubefore they can do anything else.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.UA /Uphonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.An independent unit of meaning that can be used fre
10、ely by itself is called a Uf /Umorpheme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.A simple sentence consists of a single Uc /Uwhich contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.US /Uis one aspect of meaning which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.（分数
11、：1.00）填空项 1:_16.Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of Um /U, but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne“ (“not“) and “n?fre“ (“no
12、t“+“ever“=“never“). So Ud /Urule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.The avoidance of using Ut /Ulanguage mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.By means of Ud /Ulistening tests, we can analyze the characteristics of incoming stimuli p
13、rocessed by the individual hemispheres.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age Us /Uis around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.After studyin
14、g the language structure, a linguist will formulate some hypotheses about the language facts.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English sto
15、ps p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Sentences are not forme
16、d by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.（分数：2.00）
17、A.正确B.错误26.According to Austins classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.Just as life continues in a process of change, all living languages change with t
18、ime.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.Children acquire their native language through formal instruction of grammatical rules.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.In most people, the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills as well as the perception of nonlinguistic sounds and musical melodies.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.The Er
19、ror Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.descriptive linguistics（分数：3.00）_32.auditory phonetics（分数：3.00）_33.affix（分数：3.00）_34.coordinate sentence（分数：3.00）_35.antonymy（分
20、数：3.00）_36.sentence meaning（分数：3.00）_37.abbreviation（分数：3.00）_38.nonstandard languages（分数：3.00）_39.psycholinguistics（分数：3.00）_40.fossilization（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.What is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?
21、How are they different?（分数：10.00）_42.The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-1 答案解析(总分：100.00
22、，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Linguistics is the scientific study of _. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言学的研究不是针对某一特定的语言，而是针对所有语言而言的。2.All sentences in all
23、languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 所有语言中的所有句子都能用成分结构树型图表示，而且所有句子都有决定单词线性排列与层次结构的句法规则。3.The word “boyish“
24、 contains two _. A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 从结构上来讲，单词 boyish 包含有两个有意义的、不可以再分的成分，即 boy 和-ish。我们把这些单词里边最低层面的、有意义的成分称为“词素”。因此 boy 和-ish 都是词素。4.The relation of the two clauses in a coordinate sentence is _. A. one is subordinate to the other B. they hold uneq
25、ual status C. they are structurally equal parts of the sentence D. they are incorporated（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 并列句由被称作并列连词的连接词连接在一起，它的两个子句在结构上、地位上都是相同的，相互间没有从属关系。换句话说，每个子句都可以同另一子句分离并单独构成结构上独立的句子。5._ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienc
26、e. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。当我们说“狗在叫”时，我们说的肯定是特定情景中的狗，指的是说话人和听话人都知道的那条狗，这就是“狗”这个词在特定情景中的所指。6.The _ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of
27、 linguistic communication. A. speech act theory B. CP theory C. communicative competence D. linguistic competence（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 在研究语言交际时，语言学家最感兴趣的是说话人如何表达他的意图和听话人如何识别说话人的意图。言语行为理论使我们对语言交际的本质有了深入的哲学意义上的了解。根据这种理论，我们讲某种语言时，实际上就是在做某种事情。7.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the s
28、peakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言的变化归根结底是语法方面的变化。我们把语言在语法方面的变化称为语言系统方面的变化。语言系统的变化遍及语法范畴所有的组成部分，包括语音、形态、句法、词汇和语义系统等方面的变化。8.A _ is a var
29、iety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 通用语是一种在不同语言背景的人群之间用作交际媒介的一种语言变体。鉴于此种原因，通用语必须是人们为了不同的目的在社会交往过程中所使用的“通用语言”。9.The _ age for the acquisiti
30、on of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization. A. young B. old C. critical D. flexible（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 一般认为大脑侧化的发展过程是和儿童们的语言学习能力有关系的，因为人们习得第一语言的关键年龄和大脑侧化的阶段正好一致。Lenneberg 认为，关键期的结束正好是导致语言中枢定位于大脑左半球的侧化过程的完成。10.Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds
31、 of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that _. A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. childrens babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. chi
32、ldrens babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 儿童的咿呀学语声逐渐接近于他们习得的语言的语音模式，就是说，在这个阶段儿童开始学会区别哪些是他们本族语中的音素，哪些不是他们本族语中的音素，婴儿话语中的语调也开始接近于成年人说话时句子的语调。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.As the first step of their scientif
33、ic investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic Uf /Ubefore they can do anything else.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：facts。）解析：解析 我们可以这样来总结语言的研究过程：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。12.UA /Uphonetics
34、 is concerned with how speech sounds are produced.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Articulatory。）解析：解析 在语音学的三个分支里，建立历史最长、迄今发展最完善的是发音语音学。通过它，我们才比较清楚，我们的发音器官是怎么发出我们所能听到的声音的，以及这些声音都在哪些方面有所不同。13.An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a Uf /Umorpheme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：free。
35、）解析：解析 一些词素实则是单词本身，因为它们是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们被称作自由词素。14.A simple sentence consists of a single Uc /Uwhich contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：clause。）解析：解析 简单句只含有一个子句，它包含一个主语和一个谓语，该子句单独构成句子。15.US /Uis one aspect of meaning which is the collec
36、tion of all the features of the linguistic form.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Sense。）解析：解析 意义是词汇内在的、抽象的、游离于语境之外的意义，是词汇所有特征的集合。这个意义正是词典编纂者感兴趣的。16.Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of Um /U, but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：mean
37、ing。）解析：解析 语义学和语用学的根本区别在于意义研究是否考虑语境。不考虑语境，语义研究属于传统的语义学范围；考虑语境，意义研究就成了语用学研究的范围。17.In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne“ (“not“) and “n?fre“ (“not“+“ever“=“never“). So Ud /Urule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.（分数：1.00）
38、填空项 1:_ （正确答案：double-negation。）解析：解析 古英语的句法里包括一条双重否定的规则，它要求对一个句子否定时必须两个否定词 ne (not)和 n?fre (never)同时使用。除了一些非标准的英语变体，如黑人英语外，这种双重否定结构已经不被大多数受过教育的英语使用者们所接受了。18.The avoidance of using Ut /Ulanguage mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：taboo。）解析：解析 对一些禁忌语言的忌讳折射出了人
39、们的社会态度、情感和价值判断，它没有任何语言根由。19.By means of Ud /Ulistening tests, we can analyze the characteristics of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：dichotic。）解析：解析 利用两耳分听测试，我们可以分析大脑的每个半球处理外来刺激的特点。20.It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speak
40、ing school children of age Us /Uis around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：six。）解析：解析 据估计，大约 6 岁的说英语的学龄儿童的基本词汇量，如果把词干和屈折派生词都算作独立的单词加以计算的话，大约要有 7800 个左右。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.After studying the language structure, a linguist will f
41、ormulate some hypotheses about the language facts.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 要找出语言体系中潜在的本质，一个语言学家首先必须研究语言材料，即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法，继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。改正：What a linguist first studies is the language facts, and the hypotheses are formulated about the language structure.22.In producing stops or plosives, the ob
42、struction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在发音器官形成完全彻底的阻碍的情况下，阻碍一下子被释放，同时气流有声地发出
43、，这样产生的语音叫做爆破音。英语的爆破音分为 3 组：pb，td和kg。改正：In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete，with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again，such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through both the mouth and the nose.23.We can always tell by the words a compo
