1、现代语言学自考题-20 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：24，分数：24.00)1.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误2.Meaning is central to the stud
2、y of communication.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误3.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误4.In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is not directly related to the referent.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误5.The
3、conceptualist view can be illustrated by the semantic triangle in which the symbol refers to the words or phrases.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误6.The problem which the conceptualist view encounters is what the link between the form and the referent is precisely.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误7.The contextualist view of meanin
4、g holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误8.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which include the place and time of the utterance.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误9.Sense and reference are of
5、 the same thing in meaning study.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误10.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional
6、dialects such as British English and American English but can not be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误12.Different words have the same or similar meaning, and the same one word have more than one meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误13.The
7、 important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误14.The first meaning of a word in the dictionary is called primary meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误15.There are differ
8、ent kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do not contrast each other only on a single dimension.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误16.Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误17.When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.（分数：1.00）A.
9、正确B.错误18.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误19.In discussing the sense relations between sentences
10、, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误20.Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误21.In componential analysis, the plus sign is used to indicate that a certain semantic feature is present.（分数：1.0
11、0）A.正确B.错误22.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误23.The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误24.A sentence must have at least one argument.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误三、B(总题数：18，分数：54.00)25.semanti
12、c triangle（分数：3.00）_26.the naming theory（分数：3.00）_27.conceptualist view（分数：3.00）_28.contextualism（分数：3.00）_29.behaviourism as a semantic view（分数：3.00）_30.reference（分数：3.00）_31.synonymy（分数：3.00）_32.stylistic synonyms（分数：3.00）_33.collocational synonyms（分数：3.00）_34.homophone and homographs（分数：3.00）_35.
13、hyponymy（分数：3.00）_36.antonymy（分数：3.00）_37.relational opposites（分数：3.00）_plementary antonyms（分数：3.00）_ponential analysis（分数：3.00）_40.selectional restrictions（分数：3.00）_41.grammaticality（分数：3.00）_42.predication（分数：3.00）_四、B(总题数：3，分数：22.00)43.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples.（分数
14、：7.00）_44.Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.（分数：8.00）_45.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis: (1)The man sells ice-cream. (2)Is the baby sleeping? (3)It is snowing.
15、(4)The tree grows well.（分数：7.00）_现代语言学自考题-20 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、lilist-style-type:n(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：24，分数：24.00)1.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错
16、误解析：解析 由于历史原因，英语的同义词很丰富。完全同义词，即在任何情况下都可以互相换用的同义词几乎是没有的。2.Meaning is central to the study of communication.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 意义是交际的核心，由于交际日益成为社会生活中的关键因素，对意义的理解需要也就显得越来越迫切。3.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language
17、 and thought.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中概念为中介而联系起来的。这一点可以通过奥格登和理查兹所提出的语义三角加以阐明：思想或所指意义标记或形式所指事物。改正：The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in
18、 the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.4.In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is not directly related to the referent.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介联系起来的。这一点可以通过奥格登和理查兹所提出的语义三角加以阐
19、明。5.The conceptualist view can be illustrated by the semantic triangle in which the symbol refers to the words or phrases.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 意念论可以通过奥格登和理查兹所提出的语义三角加以阐明：标记(symbol)或形式指语言形式(词、词组)，所指事物(referent)是指客观世界中的事物，而思想或所指意义(reference)是指概念。6.The problem which the conceptualist view encounters
20、 is what the link between the form and the referent is precisely.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意念论避免了命名论所遇到的许多问题，但它本身产生了一个新的问题，那就是标记与概念之间是什么关系?有些学者认为这种联系只不过是一种心理联系，即当我们想到名称时，我们会想到概念。但是这种回答并不能让人感到满意，因为人们还是不明白“想到概念”到底是什么意思。实际上人们遇到语言标记时，并不总是要从脑海中找到该事物的形象或概念。改正：The problem which the conceptualist view encount
21、ers is what the link between the symbol and the concept is precisely.7.The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语境论建立在下列假设之上：意义源于语境，存在于语境。语境有两种：情景语境和上下文。8.Every utterance occurs in a part
22、icular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which include the place and time of the utterance.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 所有的话语都是在特定的时空情景下产生的，除了话语产生的地点和时间以外，情景因素还包括说话人和听话人、他们当时的行为以及情景中所存在的物与事，也就是说，题干中所说的“话语产生的地点和时间”并不是主要的情景因素。改正：Apart from the place and time of the utterance, the main compon
23、ents of the utterance also include the speaker, the hearer, the actions, the various objects and events.9.Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意义和所指是意义的两个相关但却不同的方面。意义是词汇内在的、抽象的、游离于语境之外的含义，是词汇所有特征的集合。这个意义正是词典编纂者感兴趣的。所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系
24、。改正：Sense and reference are two related but different aspects of meaning. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized, while reference refers to the real, physical world.10.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same r
25、eference always have the same sense.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意义相同的词在不同情景中的所指可能不同。有时也会有词的所指一样但意义不一样的情况。这种情况并不常见。“晨星”、“昏星”这两个词就是很好的例子。它们的意义不同，但实际上指的都是我们在天空中看到的同一颗星。改正：It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star
26、“ and “evening star“. They refer to the same star but differ in sense.11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but can not be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.（分数：1.00）
27、A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 方言同义词意思大致相同，只是使用的地域不同。英国英语和美国英语是英语中的两大地域方言。英语英语和美国英语本身也有方言同义词。例如，“girl”在苏格兰方言中叫做“lass”或“lassie”，“liquor”在爱尔兰方言中叫做“whisky”。改正：Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as Brtish English and American English and can also be found within the variety itself
28、.12.Different words have the same or similar meaning, and the same one word have more than one meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 不同的词可以有相同或相似的意思，也可以有不同的意思。同一个词可以只有一个意思，也可以有一个以上的意思。改正：Different words may have the same or similar meaning, and may also have the different meanings, e.g. like and hate have
29、 different meaning. The same one word may have more than one meaning, sometimes one word may have only one meaning, such as some technical terms.13.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between th
30、e meanings in question.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 判定两个词是多义词还是完全同音同形异义词，要根据这些词的词源来判定。多义词是词的基本意义演变的结果，它的各种意义之间都有一定的联系。完全同音同形异义词的产生完全是出于巧合。14.The first meaning of a word in the dictionary is called primary meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 根据词源来看，单词的第一个意思被称为它的基本义。改正：According to the etymology of a word, the
31、 first meaning of the word is called primary meaning.15.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do not contrast each other only on a single dimension.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 我们不能误认为词义只在一个方面构成相反关系，事实上，词义相反可以表现在不同方面，反义词因此也可以分成不同的类型。改正：We should not be misled into thinki
32、ng that words contrast each other only on a single dimension; in fact, oppositeness can be found on different dimensions and different kinds of antonyms have been recognized.16.Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 蕴涵是一种包含关系。
33、若 X 蕴涵 Y，X 的意义包含在 Y 之中。17.When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 不仅词项间存在着一定的语义关系，句子以及同一句子的各个成分之间也存在着一定的语义关系。若 X 自相矛盾，它一定为假的。例如，我的未婚姐姐嫁给了一个单身汉。18.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerab
34、le to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 预设和蕴含之间一个重要的不同是，预设不像蕴含，如果句子是否定的，原预设的句子仍可以是对的。19.In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误
35、 解析：解析 X 预设 Y(Y 是 X 的预设)的例子如：X：约翰的自行车需要修理。Y：约翰有辆自行车。若 Y为真，则 X 或真或假。例如，如果约翰有自行车，那么自行车也许需要修理，也许不需要修理。改正：In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X is either true or false20.Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to
36、analyze meaning.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 成分分析是由结构语义学家所提出的、分析词的意思的方法。这种方法所基于的观点是：词义可以分成不同的意义成分。改正：Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.21.In componential analysis, the plus sign is used to indicate that a certain semantic feature is present.（分数
37、：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语义成分分析法中，加号和减号被用来表示词义中是否具有某种语义特征，而且这些语义特征的标记通常以大写字母写出。22.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality.（分数：1.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句子的语法意义指的是它的语法性，即语法合格性。句子的语法性受语言中语法规则的支配。23.The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative for
38、ms.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 句子语义分析中的基本单位叫做述谓结构，即句子意义的抽象化。这一点适用于所有类型的句子，包括陈述句、祈使句和疑问句。改正：The predication analysis applies to all forms of sentences, including statements, imperative and interrogative forms.24.A sentence must have at least one argument.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 述谓结构分析中，有些句子中所包含的论元不止一个。例如
39、，Kids like apples 一句中有两个名词部分 kids 和 apples，因此，它的述谓结构可以写为 KID，APPLE(LIKE)。有些句子中根本就没有论元，比如英语中包含非人称 it 的句子 It is hot。改正：In predication analysis of sentence, there are sentences that have no argument, e.g. It is dark.三、B(总题数：18，分数：54.00)25.semantic triangle（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(The semantic triangle or triang
40、le of significance was suggested by Ogden and Richards. It illustrates the conceptualist view concerning the study of meaning which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning
41、they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.)解析：解析 语义三角由奥格登与理查兹提出，它描绘的是有关语义学研究的意念论观点。它认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。26.the naming theory（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, the naming theory was proposed by the ancient
42、 Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.)解析：解析 意义研究中最古老的理论之一是古希腊学者柏拉图所提出的命名论。根据这种理论，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记。27.conceptualist view（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through conce
