1、现代语言学自考题-2 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some _ of language structure. A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypotheses（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2._ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearers po
2、int of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. A. Articulatory B. Auditory C. Acoustic D. Oral（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.“Words are further analyzable“ means _. A. words can be broken down into 26 letters of English alphabet B. words can be broken down into the components at the lowest
3、level of word C. words can be broken down into the smallest meaningful components D. words can be broken down into smaller components（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4._ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order. A. Morp
4、hology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different _ dialects. A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _. A.
5、 clause B. speech C. utterance D. predication（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.During the Renaissance, many words in _ became part of the educated English lexicon. A. French B. Latin and Greek C. German D. Italian（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.The goal of _ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among
6、 a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? _ A. Cerebral cortex. B. Neu
7、rons. C. Eyes. D. Angular gyrus.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the childs second year. A. babbling B. one word C. two word D. multiword（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.UL /Uis generally known as the scientific and
8、 systematic study of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.To describe the physical properties, phoneticians record the sound waves on machines called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called Ub /Umorphemes.（分数
9、：1.00）填空项 1:_14.A Uc /Usentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and“, “but“, “or“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that
10、of an Uu /Uis concrete and contextdependent.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as Ue /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other Ug /Uand socially. The changes that oc
11、cur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.It is generally recognized that human beings are gifted by their Ub /Uendowment to acquire and use language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to h
12、uman beings, the natural acquisition of Ul /Uas a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the deta
13、ils of any language system can be genetically transmitted.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.（分数
14、：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, “female“ occurs only in nouns such as “mother“, “woman“ “girl“ “tigress“ and so on but not in other parts of speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.The conceptualist view can be illustrated by the semantic triangle in whi
15、ch the symbol refers to the words or phrases.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.According to Searles classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.The word order of Old English is more varied than that of M
16、odern English.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.The situational use of language is, to a large extent, socially dependent.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.The left hemisphere is dominant for language for all the human beings.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.
17、错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.synchronic study（分数：3.00）_32.phonic medium of language（分数：3.00）_33.bound morphemes（分数：3.00）_34.grammatical relation（分数：3.00）_35.contextualism（分数：3.00）_36.declarations（分数：3.00）_37.historical linguistics（分数：3.00）_38.lingua franca（分数：3.00）_39.brain lateralization（分数：3.00）_40.
18、formal instruction（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.（分数：10.00）_42.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship a
19、mong linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-2 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A scientific study of language is conducted with reference to some _ of language structure. A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypothe
20、ses（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 对语言进行科学的研究最根本的，是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。2._ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearers point of view and studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. A. Articulatory B. Auditory C. Acoustic D. Oral（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象，其中从听话
21、者的角度来观察语音，研究声音是采用什么样的方式被听话者所接收的，叫做听觉语音学。3.“Words are further analyzable“ means _. A. words can be broken down into 26 letters of English alphabet B. words can be broken down into the components at the lowest level of word C. words can be broken down into the smallest meaningful components D. words c
22、an be broken down into smaller components（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 鉴于句子总是包含着并且经常被分析成单词的形式，所以单词一般被认为是语言中最小的单位。这是一个错误的观念。单词还可以做进一步的分析，即单词可以被拆分成更小的成分，那就是词素，词素是语言中最小的意义单位。4._ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what
23、 order. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Phonology D. Semantics（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 句法学(syntax)是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。syntax 原意是捧列、布置，现在是说句子是根据词的特定排列顺序所构成的，顺序排列恰当的句子被认为是合乎语法的句子。5.Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different _ dialects. A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional（分数：2.00）A.B.
24、 C.D.解析：解析 方言同义词指用在不同地域方言中的同义词，方言同义词意思大致相同，只是使用的地域不同。英国英语和美国英语是英语中的两大地域方言。6.If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _. A. clause B. speech C. utterance D. predication（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 从述谓结构上来说，句子意义经常被看做是句子本身所具有的抽象的内在特征，如果把句子看作人们在交
25、际过程中实际所说的话，它就成了话语。7.During the Renaissance, many words in _ became part of the educated English lexicon. A. French B. Latin and Greek C. German D. Italian（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 真正成为现代英语和中古英语分界点的并不是欧洲的军事侵略，而是欧洲的文艺复兴运动。这种对古希腊和罗马艺术、文学和知识的人文主义复兴于 15 世纪末影响到了英格兰。就文化和教育而言，文艺复兴运动的直接结果就是拉丁语作为一种文学语言的崛起。8.The
26、 goal of _ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 社会语言学的目的是要对不同的言语社区和不同的社会情景中语言变异和语言使用情况
27、的本质加以研究。9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? _ A. Cerebral cortex. B. Neurons. C. Eyes. D. Angular gyrus.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 大脑是人类身体里最复杂的器官。人的大脑位于头盖骨之下，平均包括 100 亿个被称为神经元的神经细胞。这些神经参与着数不胜数的微电路性质的活动。这些活动使得感知、思维、交流及其他类型的智力活动成为可能。大脑中最重要的一部分是
28、位于大脑外面表层的被称为大脑皮层的东西。大脑皮层是决定作出的器官，它负责从所有的感官接收信息并引发所有的随意活动。角形脑回是一个负责把视觉刺激转变为听觉形式或相反的语言中枢。这个区域对于观察到的物体与言语形式的匹配、物体的命名及书面语言的理解等所有这些需要视觉部位与言语部分通力合作的现象而言，是非常关键的。10.In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the childs second year. A. babbling B. one word C. two word D. multiword（分数：2.00）A
29、.B.C. D.解析：解析 在两岁的某个阶段，儿童言语逐渐长了起来。儿童跨越独词句阶段的确切年龄因人而差别很大。一般来说，双词句阶段大体是从儿童两岁的后半年开始的。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.UL /Uis generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Linguistics。）解析：解析 语言学是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。12.To describe the physical p
30、roperties, phoneticians record the sound waves on machines called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：spectrographs。）解析：解析 声学语音学家们正在尝试描述说话者所发出的声流的物理属性。为了记录这些音波，他们使用一种叫做声谱仪的机器。13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called Ub /Umorpheme
31、s.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：bound。）解析：解析 黏着词素是那些不能够独立使用、必须和其他的自由词素或黏着词素结合在一起才能形成一个单词的词素。黏着词素包括两类：词根和词缀。14.A Uc /Usentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and“, “but“, “or“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：coordinate。）解析：解析 并列句含有两个子句，由被称作并列连词的连接词，比如“and”，“but”和“or”，连接在一起。15.The study of th
32、e linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called Us /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：semantics。）解析：解析 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an Uu /Uis concrete and contextdependent.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：utterance。）解析：解析 句子意义是抽象的，是不依赖语境的
33、；而话语意义是具体的，是依赖语境的。话语意义基于句子意义，是句子意义在特定交际情景或者语境中的具体体现。17.A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as Ue /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：epenthesis。）解析：解析 把一个元音或者辅音插入到一个单词中间的音变过程叫做插入音，如，spinlespindle。18.Dialectal diversity develops when people are se
34、parated from each other Ug /Uand socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：geographically。）解析：解析 当人们居住在不同地域或社会时，方言就产生了。发生在同一地区、同一群体中语言的变化不是必须会涉及到另一群人。19.It is generally recognized that human beings are gif
35、ted by their Ub /Uendowment to acquire and use language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：biological。）解析：解析 在自然界中，人类是惟一能够本能地创造和使用高度复杂语言的生物。我们是惟一能够不用任何外在的指导就可以学习和习得语言的物种。我们的语言能力是遗传基因编码模式的馈赠。20.Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of Ul /Uas a
36、system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：language。）解析：解析 语言习得是一种所有人都有的经遗传而来的能力，尽管交际系统的发展并非人类所独有，但是能够自然地习得一种由高度抽象的规则所组成的能够进行创造性交际活动的语言系统是人类区别于其他动物的主要特征。从这个意义上来讲，可以说人类天生就具备了习得至少一种语言的生物基础
37、。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 尽管人类的语言能力有一定的遗传基础，即我们生来就具有习得某种语言的能力，但并非所有的语言细节都能通过遗传获得，而是要通过教或学才可得以完成。改正：The details of any language system are not g
38、enetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.22.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。普通语言学和其他领域的语言学研究分支不同，它的研究对象主要是能够应用于所有语言研究的基本概念、理论、
39、描述、模型和方法等。23.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 复合法是把两个、甚至经常是两个以上的单词结合在一起构成新词的方法。不同词类的单词可以被组合到一起构成复合词。改正：Compound words can be formed by words of different parts of speech, e.g. greenhouse (adj. +n.).24.The same semantic feature occurs in
40、 one part of speech only. For example, “female“ occurs only in nouns such as “mother“, “woman“ “girl“ “tigress“ and so on but not in other parts of speech.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 同样的语义特征可能会发生不同词性中，Female 不仅仅出现在名词比如 mother 中，也出现在动词如 breastfeed 和形容词 pregnant 中。改正：The same semantic feature may Occur in
41、 different parts of speech. “Female“ occurs not only in nouns such as “mother“, but also in verbs such as “breastfeed“, and adjectives such as “pregnant“.25.The conceptualist view can be illustrated by the semantic triangle in which the symbol refers to the words or phrases.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 意
42、念论可以通过奥格登和理查兹所提出的语义三角加以阐明：标记(symbol)或形式指语言形式(词、词组)，所指事物(referent)是指客观世界中的事物，而思想或所指意义(reference)是指概念。26.According to Searles classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 指令类的言外之意是说话人试图让听话
43、人做某事。邀请、建议、请求、警告、威胁、命令都是典型的指令类。承诺类的言外之意是使说话人在说出某话语时对未来行为作出承诺、承担义务。允诺、承担、许愿都是最典型的承诺类。表达类的言外之意是特指在话语里表达说话人的心理状态。说话人表达的是他对现存事态的情感或者态度。比如，道歉、致谢、祝贺。改正：Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Thus, inviting, suggesting and advising are directives, while promising and apologizing are not. The illocutionary point of promising is to commit the speaker to some future
