1、现代语言学自考题-5 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1._ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Applied linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.In linguistics, _ is f
2、ocused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. A. acoustic phonetics B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ that speakers implicitly consider we
3、ll-formed, or grammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.Semantics can be defined as the study of _. A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isola
4、tion, but in _. A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6._ English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. A. Modern B. Middle C. Old D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.Standardization known as _ is necessary in order to facilitate communic
5、ations. A. language interpretation B. language identification C. language choice D. language planning（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.Psycholinguists are particularly interested in _. A. brain lateralization B. linguistic lateralization C. both A and B D. neither A nor B（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.Language acquisition is
6、primarily the acquisition of the _ system of language. A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Words can change their meanings by becoming more _. A. specialized B. generalized C. simply acquiring a new meaning D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(
7、总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of Us /Ustudies, such as sociology and psychology.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.Speech sounds can be described in physical or Ua /Uterms. Physically, sounds are transmitted
8、through the air from one person to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a Uf /Uverb or a verb phrase.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.UR /Uis what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between for
9、m and the reality.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.According to Searle, Us /Uacts fall into five general categories, i.e. there are five general types of things we do with language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask
10、 was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the /s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as Um /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.A Us /Ucommunity is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.The human brain is divided int
11、o two roughly symmetrical Uh /U, one is on the right and the other on the left.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.It is normally assumed that, by the age of Uf /U, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquistion process.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.Hi
12、storical linguists are concerned with the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language Uc /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in th
13、e worlds languages.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.A sentence is a grammatical unit which is structurally independent and complete.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.The problem which the conceptualist view encounters is what the link between the form and the referent is precisely.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.Utterance meaning is base
14、d on sentence meaning.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.An individual speakers linguistic performance is homogeneous, rather than heterogeneous.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.The cerebral cortex is the most important pa
15、rt of the human brain.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.English and Chinese have developed from a common root.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.arbitrariness（分数：
16、3.00）_32.narrow transcription（分数：3.00）_33.major lexical category（分数：3.00）_34.the naming theory（分数：3.00）_35.coinage（分数：3.00）_36.creole（分数：3.00）_37.Brocas area（分数：3.00）_38.cerebral plasticity（分数：3.00）_39.semantic narrowing（分数：3.00）_40.diglossia（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Discuss the relationship
17、 between pragmatics and semantics.（分数：10.00）_42.Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-5 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1._ answers such question that how we as infants acquire
18、our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Applied linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。2.In linguistics, _ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech or
19、gans to articulate the sounds. A. acoustic phonetics B. articulatory phonetics C. auditory phonetics D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic _ th
20、at speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences. A. speeches B. utterances C. events D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。语言学的一个主要目标就是要用一种连贯的、明晰的语法理论来说明句法规则是如何解释这种语法知识的。语法理论必须要给说话人认为明显属于合格句或者说是合乎语法的句子提供话语特征描述。4.Semantics c
21、an be defined as the study of _. A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。5.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _. A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析
22、语义学和语用学的根本区别在于意义研究是否考虑语境。不考虑语境，语义研究属于传统的语义学范围；考虑语境，意义研究就成了语用学研究的范围。6._ English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. A. Modern B. Middle C. Old D. both A and B（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 中古英语在词汇和语法方面都受到了诺曼底法语的深刻影响。7.Standardization known as _ is necessary in order to fac
23、ilitate communications. A. language interpretation B. language identification C. language choice D. language planning（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 通常，使用同一种语言但带有不同的地域方言的语言使用者们交际的时候会丰常困难。走出这种交际困境的一个解决方法就是语言的标准化即语言规划。这意味着某些权威组织，譬如某个国家的政府或政府机构首先选定某一特定的言语变体然后跨区域推广使用这种语言变体，包括它的发音和拼写体系等。8.Psycholinguists are par
24、ticularly interested in _. A. brain lateralization B. linguistic lateralization C. both A and B D. neither A nor B（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 心理语言学家在对大脑左右半球侧化的研究中，对语言的侧化也就是说语言的神经转化特点兴趣颇高。人们发现大脑左半球具有语言优势的这种语言侧化现象在绝大多数人类的身上都存在。9.Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _ system of language
25、. A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言习得基本上是对语言中语法系统的习得。10.Words can change their meanings by becoming more _. A. specialized B. generalized C. simply acquiring a new meaning D. all of the above（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 一个词的意思也可能通过语义广义化或语义狭义化这样的过程背离它原来的
26、外延意义。另一种语义变化指一个单词的意义在实体方面的改变，这种变化方式叫做语义演变。语义广义化指的是一个单词的意义变得比它以前外延概括性更强、更具包含性的过程。语义的狭义化则是一个相反的过程，在此过程中一个单词的意思与它过去早期的意思相比，概括性和包含性变得越来越小。语义演变指一个单词丧失了它以前的意思而获得了一个新的、有时是与其原始意义有关的意思的语义变化过程。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establi
27、sh close links with other branches of Us /Ustudies, such as sociology and psychology.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：social。）解析：解析 语言并不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在某特定的社会环境下所进行的一种社会活动。这样，语言的研究就顺其自然地和其他社会研究的分支建立起密切的联系，从而导致了语言研究中其他交叉学科分支的应运而生。12.Speech sounds can be described in physical or Ua /Uterms. Physically, sounds are
28、 transmitted through the air from one person to another.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：acoustic。）解析：解析 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。人们用观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段声波，来研究声音传导的方式，被称为声学语音学。13.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a Uf /Uverb or a verb phrase.（分数：1.00）填空项
29、1:_ （正确答案：finite。）解析：解析 通常一个句子至少包括主语和谓语，谓语包含限定动词或动词词组。14.UR /Uis what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Reference。）解析：解析 所指是词汇所指称的客观世界中的事物，它讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。15.According to Searle, Us /Uacts fall i
30、nto five general categories, i.e. there are five general types of things we do with language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：speech。）解析：解析 说话人说话时可以同时完成 3 种行为：言内行为、言外行为和言后行为。舍尔的贡献之一在于他对言外行为的分类。根据舍尔的理论，言语分为 5 种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有 5 种基本类型，即阐述类、指令类、承诺类、表达类、宣告类。16.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one plac
31、e in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the /s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as Um /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：metathesis。）解析：解析 在音位规则中，语音位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和
32、 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird 和 horse。17.A Us /Ucommunity is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：speech。）解析：解析 为了研究方便而被单独分离出来的社会团体叫做言语社区。因此，言语社区为拥有同一种语言或同一语言变体并能够形成一个集体的一群人。一个言语社区最重要的特点就是这个团体
33、的成员必须以某种合理的方式和该社区中的其他成员进行言语方面的相互交流。18.The human brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical Uh /U, one is on the right and the other on the left.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：hemispheres。）解析：解析 人的大脑可以被分为两个大体上对称的部分，称为脑半球，一个位于右侧，一个位于左侧。这两个脑半球，中间由许多互相联系的神经路径连结在一起。19.It is normally assumed that, by the age o
34、f Uf /U, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquistion process.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：five。）解析：解析 到儿童 5 岁的时候，由于他们大多已掌握了 2000 多个词汇，事实上他们已经完成了语言习得的大部分课程。20.Historical linguists are concerned with the historical development of
35、 languages and the processes involved in language Uc /U.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：change。）解析：解析 历史语言学主要涉及的是语言的历史变迁及与语言变化相关的历史发展过程。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 现代语言学基本上都是描述性的，是对人们实际使用中的语言进行描述和分析，而通常被称作“语法”的语言研究是规定性的，它主要研究“高级”的(
36、宗教的、文学的)书面语言。22.Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语音学一般定义为对语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。23.A sentence is a grammatical unit which is structurally independent and complete.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 句子在结构上是一个独立的单位，通常包括许多词用以构成一个完
37、整的陈述、提问或者命令。尽管单个的词，比如“Yes”或“Go，”可以算作句子，但通常一个句子至少包括主语和谓语。改正：The sentence is wrong. For example, we consider “Yes.“ as a sentence which has no subject and predicate. Though it stands independently, it has not complete structure.24.The problem which the conceptualist view encounters is what the link be
38、tween the form and the referent is precisely.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意念论避免了命名论所遇到的许多问题，但它本身产生了一个新的问题，那就是标记与概念之间是什么关系?有些学者认为这种联系只不过是一种心理联系，即当我们想到名称时，我们会想到概念。但是这种回答并不能让人感到满意，因为人们还是不明白“想到概念”到底是什么意思。实际上人们遇到语言标记时，并不总是要从脑海中找到该事物的形象或概念。改正：It is what the link between the symbol and the concept is precisely.
39、25.Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句子意义是抽象的，是不依赖语境的；而话语意义是具体的，是依赖语境的。话语意义基于句子意义，是句子意义在特定交际情景或者语境中的具体体现。26.An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 一个首字母缩略词是用把许多词的首字母合并的方式而构成的新词。例如，UNESCO (Unit
40、ed Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)，而缩写法是用一个单词或短语的缩写形式来代表其完整的形式。例如，Dr (doctor)。改正：An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words. Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.27.An individual speakers linguistic perfor
41、mance is homogeneous, rather than heterogeneous.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 言语变异并不只是表现为如地域或社会方言这样常见的、系统的类别。一个言语使用者的语言运用是异质的而不是同质的。改正：A speakers linguistic performance is heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous.28.The cerebral cortex is the most important part of the human brain.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 大脑
42、中最重要的一部分是位于大脑外面表层的被称为大脑皮层的东西。29.Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 认识到有能力习得某种人类语言的儿童同样能够轻松自然地习得任何一种人类语言是非常重要的。这种认识不仅有语言学意义，还有其社会政治的意义：语言无优劣之分；语言习得者亦无高低之分，只要他们身体健全，心智健康，就一定能习得自己的母语。改正：It
43、is important to recognize that any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.30.English and Chinese have developed from a common root.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 考虑到每种语言的使用者和个体的语言之间的关系，有 4 种语系被认为是最重要的，即印欧语系、汉藏语系、南岛语系和闪含语系。印欧语系有大约 150 个语支，包括大多数的欧洲语言和印度次大陆语言。汉藏语系包括大约 300 种东亚语言。世界上使用和分
