1、现代语言学自考题-6 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Traditional grammar regards the _ form of language as primary, not the spoken form. A. oral B. written C. writing D. vocal（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A
2、. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.Derivational morphology, or lexical morphology, as a sub-branch of morphology, studies the _. A. inflection B. word-formation C. morpheme D. root（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula US /U“NP V
3、P“. A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.The meaning of a language form is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer“ is proposed by _. A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.According to Austi
4、ns theory of speech act, _ act is using a sentence to convey ones intention. A. perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.The term _ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time a
5、nd at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.Language _ means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pron
6、unciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries. A. variety B. variation C. planning D. decision（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.The view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _. A. less than 1000 years B. over 2000 years C. less than 2000 years D. over 3000 years（分数：
7、2.00）A.B.C.D.10.Children follow a similar _ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures. A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The brains neurological specialization for lang
8、uage is called linguistic Ul /U, which is specific to human beings.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.In linguistics, data and Ut /Ustand in a dialectical complementation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.Of all the speech organs, the Ut /Uis the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.
9、（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.UM /Uis the smallest meaningful unit of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one Us /Uthe other.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.US /Usynonyms are the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.UC /Uare those speech acts
10、whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.The Um /Urule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major Us /Uof their socio-cultural identity.（分数：1.00）
11、填空项 1:_20.The relationship between the Uc /Usystem of language and the conceptualizing system of thought is conventional rather than genetic.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Early grammars were based on “high“ written language which set models for language users to follow.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22
12、.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.Only two words can be combined to form a compound word.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.The sequential order of words in a sentence which is only in written form suggests that the structur
13、e of the sentence is linear.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.“The dog is barking.“ is a sentence or an utterance depends on ho
14、w we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced ?, but the word asking is pronounced （分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard lang
15、uages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.It is commonly held that brain lateralization appears to be specific to human beings.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.The acquisition of case and gender fo
16、rms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)31.descriptive study（分数：3.00）_32.voicing（分数：3.00）_33.stem（分数：3.00）_34.surface structure（分数：3.00）_35.collocational synonyms（分数：3.
17、00）_parative and historical linguistics（分数：3.00）_37.language planning（分数：3.00）_38.bilingualism（分数：3.00）_39.protolanguage（分数：3.00）_40.UG principles（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Make an analysis on sentence meaning and utterance meaning.（分数：10.00）_42.Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of
18、 English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-6 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Traditional grammar regards the _ form of language as primary, not the spoken form. A. oral
19、 B. written C. writing D. vocal（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 口头语和书面语是人类交际中的两大主要媒介。现代语言学比较看重的是口头语言，而不是书面语言。而在过去，传统的语法学家们都有过分强调书面语重要性的倾向，这是由于书面语言的相对恒定性。2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal（分数：2.00）A. B.C.D.解析：解析 在人们发声的时候，当声带拉得很宽
20、时，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。英语中像t，s，f之类的辅音都是清音。3.Derivational morphology, or lexical morphology, as a sub-branch of morphology, studies the _. A. inflection B. word-formation C. morpheme D. root（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 单词的形成不是偶然的，而是按照一定的规则构成的。形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则。形态学可以进一步被划分为两个更小的分支：屈折形态学和
21、词汇形态学(也叫派生形态学)。前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。4.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula US /U“NP VP“. A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 在说或者写一个句子时，句子中的词是按先后次序逐个出现的，同时，听或读也是按先后顺序一个接一个地进行。句子中词的这种先后顺序表明句子结构是线性结构。5.The meaning of a language form
22、is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer“ is proposed by _. A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。行为主义者试图把词汇意义定义为“说话人说出话语并引起听话人作出反应的情景”(布龙菲尔德，1933)。6.According to Austins theory of speech ac
23、t, _ act is using a sentence to convey ones intention. A. perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 奥斯汀建立了另一种模式来解释如何通过语言实施行为。根据这种新的模式，说话人说话时可以同时完成 3 种行为：言内行为、言外行为和言后行为。言内行为是说出词、短语、分句的行为，是通过句法、词汇和音位等手段表达字面意义的行为。言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中所完成的行为。言后行为是通过说话完成或通
24、过说话所产生的行为，是由话语所带来的结果或变化。7.The term _ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 我们在第一章中把对语言的历
25、史研究看成是对语言的历时性研究。当我们涉及到研究语言在不同的时间阶段和不同的历史时期中发展变化的时候，我们用历时语言学这个说法来取代历史语言学。8.Language _ means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regiona
26、l boundaries. A. variety B. variation C. planning D. decision（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言规划意味着某些权威组织，譬如某个国家的政府或政府机构首先选定某一特定的言语变体，然后跨区域推广使用这种语言变体，包括它的发音和拼写体系等。9.The view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _. A. less than 1000 years B. over 2000 years C. less than 2
27、000 years D. over 3000 years（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 人类认为大脑是人类语言和认知能力源泉的观点可以追溯到 2000 年以前。10.Children follow a similar _ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures. A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 尽管在语言发展的开始阶段和发展速度方
28、面存在着个体差异，但是不同文化背景的儿童遵循着同样的语言发展的阶段或顺序。从咿呀学语的前语言阶段开始，儿童经历了独词句、双词句和多词句阶段，并随着年龄的增长逐渐地习得了成年人语言系统中的音系、形态、句法、词汇、语义和话语技巧；三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The brains neurological specialization for language is called linguistic Ul /U, which is specific to human beings.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确
29、答案：lateralization。）解析：解析 心理语言学家在对大脑左右半球侧化的研究中，对语言的侧化也就是说语言的神经转化特点倍感兴趣。语言侧化现象是人类特有的。12.In linguistics, data and Ut /Ustand in a dialectical complementation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：theory。）解析：解析 和其他学科一样，语言学中的数据和理论也是一种辩证的、相互补充的关系，也就是说，没有语言材料支持的理论，其有效性是不可能得到承认的，面没有理论加以解释的语言材料也只不过是一团乌七八糟的东西。13.Of all the
30、speech organs, the Ut /Uis the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：tongue。）解析：解析 在所有口腔的器官中，舌头是最灵活的，它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。14.UM /Uis the smallest meaningful unit of language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Morpheme。）解析：解析 语言中最小的意义单位是词素。
31、15.The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one Us /Uthe other.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：subordinating。）解析：解析 复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位的子句通常叫做从属子句，而包含从属子句的句子被称作主句。16.US /Usynonyms are the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Sem
32、antic。）解析：解析 语义上有一定差别的同义词指有些同义词在语义上存在着细微差别，例如 amaze 和astound 在词义上和 surprise 一词非常相近，但它们却有细微差别。amaze 表示糊涂，迷惑不解，astound 表示难以置信。17.UC /Uare those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Commissives。）解析：解析 约翰舍尔的五种基本类型中，承诺类指说话人使自己对某一未来的行为作出许诺
33、。18.The Um /Urule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：morphosyntactic。）解析：解析 在古英语里，像一致这样的句法关系都要用一定句法成分的形态表象严格地体现出来。英语里就曾经丧失过一条关于形容词一致的形态句法规则。这条规赠规定，形容词的结尾必须和中心名词在格、数和性上保持一致。19.Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major Us /U
34、of their socio-cultural identity.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：symbol。）解析：解析 像黑人英语这样的少数民族方言使用者们总是把他们所说的语言看成是他们社会文化特征的主要标志。黑人英语和英语的其他标准变体对教育劝诱的抵制之所以是很强烈，其主要原因就是这些语言变体是和该语言变体的使用者们的身份认同深深地盘织在一起的。20.The relationship between the Uc /Usystem of language and the conceptualizing system of thought is conventional r
35、ather than genetic.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：coding。）解析：解析 语言的编码系统和思维的概念化系统之间的关系是约定俗成的而不是生来俱有的。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Early grammars were based on “high“ written language which set models for language users to follow.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 现代语言学，即 20 世纪所进行的语言学研究，大多数是描述性的。它和通常被称作“语法”的语言研究大相径庭。早期的语法主要
36、依赖的是“高级”的(宗教的、文学的)书面语言，它们规定了很多模式让语言使用者们模仿。22.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 英语的辅音可以用两种方法来分类：一是根据发音方法，另一种是根据发音位置。所谓的“发音方法”，指的是气流产生阻碍的方法，而“发音位置”则指的是气流产生阻碍的地方。23.Only two words can be combined to form a com
37、pound word.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 复合法是把两个、甚至经常是两个以上的单词组合在一起构成新单词的方法。改正：Mote than two words also can be combined to form a compound word, e.g. good-for-nothing.24.The sequential order of words in a sentence which is only in written form suggests that the structure of the sentence is linear.（分数：2.00）
38、A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 在说或者写一个句子时，句子中的词是按先后次序逐个出现的，同时，听或读也是按先后顺序一个接一个地进行。句子中词的这种先后顺序表明句子结构是线性结构。改正：It is not only in written form, but also in spoken form.25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always hav
39、e the same sense.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 意义相同的词在不同情景中的所指可能不同。有时也会有词的所指一样但意义不一样的情况。这种情况并不常见。“晨星”、“昏星”这两个词就是很好的例子。它们的意义不同，但实际上指的都是我们在天空中看到的同一颗星。改正：It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star“ and “evening star
40、“. They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.“The dog is barking.“ is a sentence or an utterance depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 很难说清“The dog is barking.”是句子还是话语。它也可能既是句子，又是话语，这要看我们对它如何看待，如何分析。如果我们把它看做语法单位、一个孤立的现象，它就是句子；如果把它看做说话人在特定情景中
41、所说的带有特定目的的话，它就是话语。27.For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced ?, but the word asking is pronounced （分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 语音的位移作为语音变化的结果，一般称为语音变位，它指的是两个相邻的语音在位置上的互换。古英语中涉及语音成分位置交换的例子有 bridd(鸟)和 hros(马)等。当这些词发生了语音变位之后，/r/音向元音右侧的位移就导致了它们在现代英语中的对应词 bird 和 horse，题干中所说的动词 ask以前的
42、形式是 aksian 也属这种情况。28.Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 语言变体可以是标准语，
43、也可以是非标准语。有人坚持认为非标准语是不规范的语言，语言学家们则不接受这种说法，因为它暗示了这些语言变体有着内在的劣等性。把一种语言的标准变体看成是“正确的”，“符合逻辑的”，和“纯正”的观点纯属偏见。从语言作为交际的有效手段的角度来看，在同一语言中没有哪一种方言比另外一种方言更正确、更符合逻辑、更纯正不论它是标准语还是非标准语。一种语言的所有方言在表达思想方面具有同等的效力。改正：Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties cannot be regarded as substandard, and the term substandard is rejected by linguists because
