1、英语阅读(一)自考真题 2012 年 04 月及答案解析(总分：99.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第一部分 选择题/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPassage 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)People have thought very differently about children in different historical eras. In ancient Rome and throughout the Middle Ages, for example, childhood was brief: A boy or gi
2、rl was considered an “infant“ until the age of six, but soon afterward worked alongside adults in the fields, in the workshops, or at home. Children were thought to be born in a state of sin and were viewed as the property of their fathers. Such beliefs contributed to strict discipline of children a
3、nd neglect of their special needs.These harsh attitudes softened during the Renaissance and Enlightenment as the humanistic spirit of the times caused a rediscovery of the special qualities of childhood. In paintings, for example, young children were depicted as playing and doing other childish thin
4、gs, rather than being shown as miniature adults. The importance of childhood as a unique period of development was understood more fully in the 17th and 18th centuries, as reflected in the writings of two important European thinkers: the English philosopher John Locke and the French philosopher Jean
5、 Jacques Rousseau. John Locke argued that the newborn infant comes into the world with no inherited predispositions (天性), but rather with a mind as a “blank slate“ that is gradually filled with ideas, concepts, and knowledge from experiences in the world. He concluded that the quality of early exper
6、iences, particularly how children are raised and educated, shapes the direction of a childs life. Later, Jean Jacques Rousseau claimed that children at birth are innately good rather than evil, and that their natural tendencies should be protected against the corrupting influences of society. Rousse
7、aus attitude had an important influence on society, and inspired, for example, the novelists Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo, who decried (揭露) the exploitation of child labor and highlighted the need for educational and social reform.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred that children in the Middle Ages
8、_. A.were mistreated and exploited B.were generally regarded as miniature adults C.did not observe the institutional disciplines D.did not start their childhood until the age of six（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author cites the example the two European thinkers writings to show that _. A.childrens behavi
9、or was described as adult-like B.childrens innocence and playfulness were neglected C.childhood was revealed as a period of independence D.childhood was revealed as a unique period of development（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The 2nd paragraph is developed by _. A.example B.definition C.comparison D.cause and
10、 effect（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The central argument made by John Locke is that _. A.childrens future development depends on their genetic background B.childrens upbringing and early education may shape their future life C.childrens character formation is largely influenced by their parents D.the proper
11、 way of upbringing is to keep children away from society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).At the end of the passage, the two novelists are mentioned to emphasize _. A.the call for educational and social reform B.the importance of childrens school education C.the influence of Rousseaus attitude toward children D.
12、the potential negative influences of society on children（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、BPassage 2/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition must be worthy of the sacrifices on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it should be widely shared, and i
13、t especially must be highly regarded by such people as the educated, who are themselves admired. However it is the educated who have claimed to have given up ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps benefited most from ambition, though the ambition may be more that of their parent
14、s and grandparents than of their own.Certainly, people do not seem less interested in success now than formerly. In fact, the signs of success such as summer homes, European travel and BMWs have never ceased to be sought after. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, a
15、s easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought to be aggressive, materialistic or vulgar. Instead, what has often confused us are those fine hypocritical spectacles: the critic of American materialism in possession of a Southampton summer home: the publisher of radical books who takes
16、his meals every day in five-star restaurants; the journalist promoting participatory democracy in all phases of life, who sends his own children to expensive private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the motto is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.“
17、Ambition has been attacked from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, though they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired by the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. T
18、his does not mean, however, that people are no longer ambition-driven, but only that, no longer openly honored, ambition has become something smartly concealed.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, in order to keep the vitality of the tradition of ambition the successful people themselves must _.
19、A.highly value it B.make some sacrifices C.benefit from it D.make some contributions（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Such items as summer homes, European travel and BMWs are listed to prove that _. A.these items are commonly used to measure success B.these items are openly honored and admired by the public C.pe
20、ople are as interested in success as they have ever been D.people are more motivated to seek after these items than before（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).People tend not to make their ambitions fully known _. A.to avoid appearing professionally oriented B.to avoid appearing snobbish and sophisticated C.for fea
21、r that they might end up in failure or disappointment D.for fear that they might be considered as distasteful and greedy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The critic, the publisher and the journalist are mentioned in the 2nd paragraph to show that they are _. A.selfish B.corrupted C.hypocritical D.materialistic（分
22、数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards ambition as all ideal is _. A.satirical B.negative C.appreciative D.unbiased（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BPassage 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Postage stamps are labels affixed to letters or parcels to indicate that a specified amount of postage has been prepaid for deliv
23、ery. Stamps are usually issued by a government or an agency representing a government, such as a national post office. The collecting and study of postage stamps and related items such as postcards is known as philately, a word derived from Greek meaning, literally, “love of what is free of further
24、tax.“ Stamp collecting is one of the most popular hobbies in the world.From the earliest years of the hobby, most philatelists have preferred to collect stamps by country, specializing in the issues of one or more nations. Since about the mid-1950s, however, many philatelists have become interested
25、in topical collecting, acquiring stamps illustrating certain themes or subjects. Among the wide range of pictorials are stamps devoted to sports, art and music, aviation, birds and flowers, and telecommunications.One of the attractions of stamp collecting is the ease of starting a collection. With a
26、ccess to enough incoming mail, especially from abroad, a person can build a collection without any expense. Literally tens of thousands of stamps, however, including many of the older issues, are priced very cheaply.Little special equipment is required. A collector needs only an album to house the c
27、ollection and a pair of stamp tongs with which to handle them. Stamps and accessories can be purchased easily. Nearly every city has one or more professional stamp dealers. Thousands of other dealers operate exclusively by mail or on the Internet.When collectors have accumulated a number of valuable
28、 stamps, they must take precautions for safe storage, preferably in a bank safety deposit box. If the stamps are in mint (崭新的) condition, they should not be overlapped; through changes in humidity, overlapping stamps may stick together and become seriously damaged. Collectors also should keep accura
29、te written inventories of all their philatelic material.（分数：10.00）(1).In the 1st paragraph, “philately“ is a term dealing with _. A.postage delivery B.postage taxing and pricing C.a study of postage items D.a study of postcard collecting（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, stamps can be cl
30、assified _. A.by face value B.by issue C.chronologically D.thematically（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).One of the charms of stamp collecting is that it can be started _. A.without any technical means B.without too much time spent C.without too much space needed D.without necessarily big investment（分数：2.00）A.B.
31、C.D.(4).According to the passage, the new stamps should avoid _. A.humidity B.burglary C.being duplicated D.being catalogued（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The writers suggestion made in the last paragraph is basically _. A.misleading B.impractical C.ambiguous D.operational（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BPassage 4/B(总题数：1
32、，分数：10.00)A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health. In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States, researchers identified critical areas that influence ones mental health. These areas are working life, family life, and the social role that one occupies in the co
33、mmunity. Negative experiences in these areas, such as an unreasonable boss or a turbulent family life, can reduce ones overall sense of well-being.Another important influence on mental health is stress. In general, people experience stress when the demands placed on them exceed the resources they ha
34、ve available to meet those demands. Significant sources of stress include major life events, such as divorce, death of a spouse, loss of a job, and illness in the family. These events can overwhelm a persons ability to cope and function effectively. In addition, one source of stress may lead to anot
35、her, as when financial hardship follows job loss. People who experience unusually traumatic events, such as rape and natural disasters, may develop post-traumatic stress disorder.People may experience chronic stress when confronted with a continuing set of demands that reduce their ability to functi
36、on. Examples of such demands include working long hours under difficult circumstances and caring for a chronically ill relative. Economic hardship, unemployment, and poverty can also produce chronic stress and undermine mental health.Some studies suggest that genetic factors may partly determine one
37、s level of happiness and mental health. People seem to display a characteristic level of well-being, with some people usually feeling happy and others typically feeling sad or unhappy. Researchers have found that although peoples moods change in response to both positive and negative events, the eff
38、ect wears off over time. For example, people who win the lottery or receive an unexpected promotion may feel happier at first, but over time they return to their former characteristic level of mental health. Research suggests that ones genetic backgroundthat is, the genes inherited from ones parents
39、explains more than half of the differences in peoples characteristic mood levels. Genes may also partly determine the range of ups and downs that people feel, including whether people have large mood swings or remain stable from day to day.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the major factors th
40、at may reduce ones sense of psychological well-being include all the following EXCEPT _. A.unstable marriage B.genetic heritage C.bad-tempered managers D.lower social status（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).People experience stress when _. A.they have no accessible financial resources B.they have no social resou
41、rces at their disposal C.they feel it hard to shirk family responsibility D.they have to go beyond their ability to get a job done（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Chronic stress may result from _. A.death of a spouse B.lottery purchases C.long-time hard work D.failure to be promoted（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the
42、 last paragraph, it can be inferred that _. A.peoples moods are sometimes unstable B.people cannot escape from negative events C.Success may produce a long-term effect on peoples mental health D.parents are partly responsible for their childrens distinctive moods（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the
43、 passage, peoples characteristic mood levels may be affected _. A.physically B.biologically C.gradually D.abruptly（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、BPassage 5/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Early in World War , the representatives of nine European governments fled to London. Nazi Germany had conquered much of E
44、urope and had driven these leaders from their homelands. Representatives of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations met in London with the leaders of nine European nations. On June 12, 1941, all these nations signed a declaration pledging to work for a free world, where people could live in
45、peace and security. This pledge, usually called the Inter-Allied Declaration, was the first step toward building the UN.On October 30, 1943, representatives of the United Kingdom, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States signed the Moscow Declaration on General Security. This declaration appro
46、ved the idea of establishing an international organization for preserving world peace.From August to October 1944, representatives of the United Kingdom, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States held a series of meetings at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington D.C. The four nations succeede
47、d in drawing up a basic plan, though they could not agree on some important questions. The plans main feature was a Security Council on which the United Kingdom, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States would be permanently represented.In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
48、 met at Yalta in the Crimea. The three leaders announced that a conference of United Nations would open in San Francisco on April 25, 1945. This conference would use the plan worked out at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference to help prepare a charter for the UN.Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organization. The conference opened on April 25, 1945, 13 days after the death of Roosevelt and 12 days before the surrender of Germany. Victory over Japan was still four months away.At the conferen
