1、北京航空大学英语语言学真题 2008 年及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Embedding（分数：2.00）_2.Morphology（分数：2.00）_3.Lingua ffanca（分数：2.00）_4.Minimal pairs（分数：2.00）_5.Synchronic linguistics（分数：2.00）_6.Interlanguage（分数：2.00）_7.Adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）_8.Componential analysis（分数：2.00）_9.Mode of discourse（分数：2.00）_10.Code-switc
2、hing（分数：2.00）_11.What is linguistic determinism?（分数：4.00）_12.What is sociolinguistics?（分数：4.00）_13.What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?（分数：4.00）_14.What are the crucial features or criteria ofdiglossia in the narrow sense of the term?（分数：4.00）_15.What are the unique features of H
3、allidays systemic linguistics?（分数：4.00）_16.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?（分数：4.00）_17.A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austins Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conv
4、ersation in the light of Speech Act theory.Customer: Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup.Waiter: Dont worry, theres no extra charge.（分数：4.00）_18.Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pa
5、ir.(a)casualinformal (b)intelligentstupid(c)stealsteel (d)animaldog（分数：4.00）_19.What do you think is the difference between descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics?（分数：4.00）_20.Think of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle proposed by P. Grice, and explain the violation of maxim
6、s in the cases below.(1)A: Have you seen my watch?B: Look in the drawer.(2)A: Renos the capital of Nevada.B: Yeah, Londons the capital of New Jersey.(3)A: I really liked that dinner.B: Im a vegetarian.(4)A: Lets dine out with the kids this weekend.B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.（分数：4.00）_21.What
7、 do you think is the relationship between the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign and the way language is used to classify reality? Illustrate your view with examples.（分数：10.00）_22.Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines for different types of sand, and in Arabic o
8、ne must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the Western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with your linguistic knowledge?（分数：10.00）_23.Which linguistic school or approach do you think will develop rapidly in China? Elaborate your view in no less than 100 words.（
9、分数：10.00）_北京航空大学英语语言学真题 2008 年答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Embedding（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence(main clause)in syntactic subordination)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对嵌入的理解。我们知道，小句既可以是独立的，也可以是非独立的。当把一个小句当作非独立小句进行嵌入时，其实就是将这个句子与另一个句子相结合。嵌入指的是将小句包含到句子(主句)里
10、使其在句法上处于从属地位的一种方式。2.Morphology（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Morphology is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the internal organization of wordsIt studies the minimal units of meaningmorphemes and wordformation processes)解析：解析 本题考查的是形态学的定义。形态学是语言学的一个分支，主要是关于词语的内部结构。形态学研究的是意义的最小单位语素以及构词过程。同时，考生还应掌握语言学其
11、他分支的定义。3.Lingua ffanca（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgroundsIt can be generalized to refer to any other language used as a trade or comlnunication medium)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对混合语言的定义。考生可参考简明
12、教程第七章有关 Sociolinguistics 的相关内容。4.Minimal pairs（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(A minimal pair refers to two words in a language which are different from each other by only one sound and thus each has a different meaningFor example，in beat and bit there is only one sound that makes them different from each other in p
13、ronunciation and meaningWe can call beat and bit a minimal pair)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对最小对立体的理解。这是音位和音位变体中的一个相关概念。最小对立体是指同一语言中的两个词，这两个词只有一个音位不同，因此意义也不同，我们就将这一对词称为最小对立体。例如，beat 和 bit 只有一个音位不同，因此也造成其意义各异，我们可以将这两个词称为一个最小对立体。5.Synchronic linguistics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Synchronic linguistics is the study of language
14、 by taking a fixed theoretical instant(usually，but not necessarily,the present)as its point of observation)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对共时语言学这一概念的理解。共时语言学是指在某一理论上的时间点研究语言的方法。同时考生还应理解与此相对应的历时语言学的概念。6.Interlanguage（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(The type of language constructed by second or foreign language leamers who are still i
15、n the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguageIt is often understood as a dynamic language system between the target language and the learners native languageIt is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learners native languag
16、e)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对中介语的理解。中介语是指正在学习过程中的第二语言或者外语学习者构建的一种语言。它通常是介于目标语和学习者母语之问的一种动态语言系统。与目标语相比它还不够完善，但也不是学习者母语的简单翻译。7.Adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are adjacent, produced by different speakers and ordered as a first part and a second part. They are ty
17、ped, so that a particular first part requires a particular second. Adjacency pairs are considered by Levinson to be a fundamental unit of conversational organization.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对语言使用中所涉及的一个概念相邻对的理解。相邻对是会话结构的基本组成单位，是日常会话中出现的在两个不同说话者之间前后衔接的一个话轮。8.Componential analysis（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Componential a
18、nalysis is a way of analyzing word meaning based on the belief that the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. A word can be divided into semantic components, which are called semantic features. It is claimed by showing the semantic components of a word in with positive and negative signs t
19、o indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, we may better account for sense relations.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对成分分析法的理解。一些语言学家建议说词义并非不可分析的整体，它可以被看作由不同语义特征组成的复合体，有比词更小的语义单位，即语义特征。通过用正负号来表示语义特征的存在与缺失。通过这样的方式我们可以更好地解释语义关系。这就是成分分析法。9.Mode of discourse（分数：2.00）_正确答
20、案：(Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concemed with “how“ communication is carried out: oral, written, etc.)解析：解析 本题考查的是考生对话语方式的理解。话语方式是指话语的交际渠道和方式，即交际是通过何种方式进行的，分为口语、书面语等。10.Code-switching（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(People change from one language or language variety to anothe
21、r in the midst of utterance. This is called code-switching. This can take place between or even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of words.)解析：解析 此题考查的是语码转换的含义。如果同一说话者使用双语或同一语言的不同变体，并且在言语过程中交替转换使用不同语码，我们将这种现象称为语码转换。11.What is linguistic determinism?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Linguistic
22、 determinism is a theory developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf who was influenced by Sapir. It suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points
23、 can be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other similarity between.languages is relative. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity. In a loose sense, linguistic
24、 determinism, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis can be regarded synonyms.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对社会语言学中的语言决定论的理解。沃尔夫受萨丕尔的影响，提出了著名的“萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说”。该理论认为，语言塑造了我们的思维模式，相应地，不同的语言表达决定了人们认识世界方式的不同。从这个观点出发可以得到两点认识：一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界的认识越不同。因此，这个假说也被称为“语言决定论”、“语言相对主义
25、”。宽泛地说，“语言决定论”、“语言相对论”、“萨丕尔沃尔夫假说”可以看作同义词。12.What is sociolinguistics?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Sociolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show the relationships between language and society and the social structures in which the users of language live. More specifically, in t
26、his discipline, we have two important things to think about: structural things and their uses in a sociocultural context. Sociolinguistics deals with two issues. First, it looks at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context. Second, it studies sociological things of so
27、ciety by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对社会语言学定义的理解。社会语言学是指在揭示语言与社会的关系的交叉性、应用型的语言研究。具体而言，社会语言学有两个方面的重要内容：一是语言结构的分析研究，二是社会语境中具体用法的考查。社会语言学首先试图通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问题，其次又通过语言现象的分析，了解社会构成的问题。13.What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?（分数：4.00）_正确
28、答案：(The major concerns of the Prague School theory are:1)It was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study.2)There was an emphasis on
29、 the systemic character of language. No element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation; assessment can only be made if its relationship is established with the coexisting elements in the same language system.3)Language was looked on as functional in anothe
30、r sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functional or tasks for the community using it.4)Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对布拉格学派主要观点的了解。14.What are the crucial features
31、 or criteria ofdiglossia in the narrow sense of the term?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(In the narrow sense, diglossia means situation that exists in a society when it has two varieties: high variety and low variety which show clear functional separation. Such a diglossia has three crucial features:(1)Two distinct
32、 varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety;(2)Each variety is used for quite distinct functions: Two varieties are kept quite apart functionally. One is used in one set of circumstances and the other in entirely
33、different set. One does not use an H variety in circumstances calling for an L variety, e.g., for addressing a servant; nor does one usually use an L variety when an H is called for, e.g., for writing a serious work. H and L complement each other with very slight overlapping.(3)No one uses the H var
34、iety in everyday conversation (Holmes, 2001: 27).(4)The H variety is the prestige variety; the L variety lacks prestige.(5)A considerable body of literature is found to exist in H variety and almost none in the other.(6)The L variety often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from H variety, par
35、ticularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal ways.(7)All children learn the L variety.)解析：解析 此题考查的是考生对双言制的理解。双言制是社会语言学研究的对象之一。弗格森 1956 年提出了这个概念。15.What are the unique features of Hallidays systemic linguistics?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Systemic-Functional linguistics aims to provide a taxon
36、omy for sentences, a means of descriptively classifying particular sentences. Although it may not seem as influential as Chomskys transformational-generative theory in some parts of the world, it is much more relevant to the needs of various groups of people who deal with language.Halliday believes
37、that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure.Systemic-Functional linguistics is based on two facts: (1)language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize differe
38、nt semantic functions in social interaction; and (2)language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomskys approach that takes the ideal speakers linguistic competence as the object of study.)解析：解析 此题考查的是韩礼德系统功能语言学的特殊之处。系统功能语言学的目标是为句子提供一套分类法，为特殊的句子描述性分类提供方法。韩礼德认为语言之所以成为语言，在于语言必须完成一定的功能。换言之，语言的社会需求帮助语言形成了自身的结构。16.Why is it important to know the relat
