1、武汉大学英语语言学真题 2008 年及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.displacement（分数：4.00）_2.concord（分数：4.00）_3.coarticulation（分数：4.00）_4.garden path sentence（分数：4.00）_5.I-principle（分数：4.00）_6.Phonetics and phonology（分数：10.00）_7.CAI and CAL（分数：10.00）_8.A discussion on Saussure as the father of modem linguistics（分数：15.00）_
2、9.Some comments on the following linguistic view according to your own experiences:A constructivist view of language argues that language (or any knowledge) is socially constructed (Nunnan, 1999). Learners learn language by cooperating, negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks. In other words,
3、they construct language in certain social and cultural contexts.（分数：15.00）_武汉大学英语语言学真题 2008 年答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.displacement（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Displacement is one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which arc
4、not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.)解析：解析 本题考查语言的四个本质特征中的移位性的概念。移位指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时（时间和处所）并不存在的物体、事件和观点。因此，我可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经在4000 年前就死了，而后者在地理上离我们非常遥远。2.concord（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Concord (or Agreement) may be defined as the requirement that the fonns of two or more Words of
5、specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:Whose is this pen?Oh, its the one
6、 I lost.)解析：解析 本题考查一致关系的定义。一致关系，又叫做协同关系，指两个或更多处于一定语法关系中的词，要在某些范畴上互相保持一致的形式。3.coarticulation（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Coarticulation is a kind of phonetic process in which silnultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseve
7、rative coarticulation.)解析：解析 本题考查语音中协同发音的概念，协同发音是一种涉及到同时或重合发音的语音过程。4.garden path sentence（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Garden path sentence, another factor affecting the process of determining a sentence structure, are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. Fo
8、r example, reduced relative clauses often cause such feeling of having been garden-pathed, e.g.:The horse raced past the barn fell (the horse that was raced past the barn fell).)解析：解析 本题考查一种与歧义句有关的现象“花园小径”的定义。花园小径句就是那些实际解释不同于我们一开始所想结构的句子。5.I-principle（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(The I-principle is one of the tri
9、partite model, which was suggested by Levinson mainly in his 1987 paper “Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphor: A Partial Pragmatic Reduction of Binding and Control Phenomena“. In essence, Levinson says, the Q-, I- and M-principles are Grices two maxims of Quantity and a maxim of Manner reinterprete
10、d neo-classically.The I-principle is the Speakers Maxim: the Maxim of Minimization. “Say as little as necessary“, i.e. produce the minimal linguistic information sufficient to achieve your communicational ends (bearing the Q-principle in mind).)解析：解析 本题考查语言学家 Levinson 提出的信息原则的概念，考生应能灵活掌握 Q-principle
11、 和M-principle 的概念。6.Phonetics and phonology（分数：10.00）_正确答案：(“Phonology“ is the study of sound systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterus into which they fall, how the sound system of a language functions. Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, c
12、omplementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which fonn
13、meaningful utterance, to recognize a foreign accent, to make up new words. Both phonology and phonetics arc studies of speech sounds. The two words contain the same root phono-, meaning sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of
14、 a general nature: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produccd, how they differ flom each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular l
15、anguage; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic comlnunication. Thus these two are at once related and distinct branches of linguistic studies.Phonology, therefore, different from phonctics, is language specific
16、. It deals with speech sounds within the context of a particular language.)解析：解析 本题旨在考查语音学与音韵学的区别。其中，Phonetics 是语音学，是研究人类发音的学问。Phonology 是音韵学，是研究不同语音的发音系统有何异同的学问。7.CAI and CAL（分数：10.00）_正确答案：(CAI refers to computer-assisted instruction, which is the use of a computer in a teaching program. They may
17、include:a)A teaching program which is presented by a computer in a sequence. The student responds on the computer, and the computer indicates whether the responses are correct or incorrect.b)The use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc.
18、 This is also called computer-managed instruction.CAL refers to computer-assisted learning.CAL and CAI deal with teaching and learning in general. The first kind of CAL programs which were developed reflected principles similar to programmed instruction. The computer leads the students through a lea
19、rning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the students response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material. In more recently, CAL courseware students are able to interact with the computer and perform higher-level tasks while e
20、xploring a subject or problem.)解析：解析 本题考查 CAI(computer assistant instruction 计算机辅助教学)和 CAL(computer assistant learning 计算机辅助学习)的区别。前者注重于教师教的问题，后者强调在教和学两方面使用计算机，帮助学习者达到教学目标。8.A discussion on Saussure as the father of modem linguistics（分数：15.00）_正确答案：(Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist F
21、erdinand de Saussure, who is often described as the “father of modern linguistics“ and “a master of a discipline which he made modern“. And Saussures collected notes were put together by his students to produce the great work, Course in General Linguistics, in 1916. It marked the beginning of lnoder
22、n linguistics.Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called signifier and signified.Saussure exerted two kinds of influence on modern linguistics. First, he provided a general orientation, a sense of the task of linguistics
23、which had seldom been questioned. Second, he influenced modern linguistics in the specific concepts. Many of the developments of modern linguistics can be described as his concepts, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of the sign, laugue VS. parole, synchrony VS. diachrony, syntagmatic and paradig
24、matic relations, etc. Saussures fundamental perception is of revolutionary significance, and it is he that pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics.)解析：解析 本题考食 Saussure 对现代语言学的贡献。9.Some comments on the following linguistic view
25、 according to your own experiences:A constructivist view of language argues that language (or any knowledge) is socially constructed (Nunnan, 1999). Learners learn language by cooperating, negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks. In other words, they construct language in certain social and cu
26、ltural contexts.（分数：15.00）_正确答案：(Besides input, output has also been reported to promote language acquisition. Correct production requires learners to construct language for their messages. When learners construct language for expression, they are not merely reproducing what they have learned. Rathe
27、r they are processing and constructing things. For example, they process syntax read or heard and construct syntax that can be used to express that they wish to convey.The conception of language output as a way to promote language acquisition is to some extent in line with the so called constructivi
28、sm. A constructivist view of language argues that language (or any knowledge) is socially constructed. Learners learn language by cooperating, negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks. In other words, they construct language in certain social and cultural contexts.The type of language construct
29、ed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learners native language. It is not imperfect compared with the target langu
30、age, but it is not mere translation form the native language either. However, interlanguage should not really be seen as a bridging language between or a mixture of the target language and native language. Therefore, “inter“ actually means between the beginning stage and the final stage.Studies on i
31、nterlanguage can be done in two ways: (1)investigating the psychological, biological or neurological mechanisms involves in production of interlanguage; (2)investigating the linguistic features of interlanguage. Concerning the linguistic features of interlanguage, the following questions can be aske
32、d:1)Linguistically, how is interlanguage in general different form the target language or the native language?2)In what way is lower level interlanguage different from higher level interlanguage?3)How is the interlanguage system used to convey meaning?Answers to the above questions will certainly benefit language learning research.According to your own experiences, please talk about how the interlanguage works in your foreign language learning process.)解析：解析 本题考查中介语和语言学习的相关知识，建构主义的语言观认为，学习语言(或者任何其他知识)都是一个社会建构的过程。学习者们可以通过相互合作、协商和完成各种各样的任务来学习语苦。换句话说，他们在某种社会和文化环境下构建自己的语言。
