1、考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 1及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can b
2、e modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through c
3、lassical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “ operant conditioning. “ This occurs when an
4、 individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thu
5、s, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some peopl
6、e and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associa
7、te this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：10.00）(1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.
8、give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though_that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with g
9、reater efforts to be humorous in his presence.（分数：2.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of
10、 furry animals, this is a typical example of learning through_.（分数：2.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.both of themD.neither of them(4).In the third paragraph, the author is_.（分数：2.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emoti
11、ons through operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD.using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning(5).In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss_.（分数：2.00）A.defi
12、nitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveDo we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and al
13、coholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smoking too many cigarettes. All right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Lets put an end once and for all to t
14、he ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer alcoholism. But wait. Weve already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abolished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law
15、 of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manufacturing, selling, or transporting of “ intoxicating liquors“. Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare
16、from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all very logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits jus
17、t because of a change in the law. And gangs of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were lucky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a result
18、 of prohibition. Instead, people drank more alcohol than ever often poisoned alcohol.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act?（分数：2.00）A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoh
19、olism.B.There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.C.Without liquor, people would not drink.D.People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.(2).During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_.（分数：2.00）A.sold openlyB.no longer a temptationC.a major factor in the passage of the Vols
20、tead ActD.brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders(3).During Prohibition, people_.（分数：2.00）A.lived in fear of the lawB.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorC.recklessly endangered their communitiesD.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them(4).When enacting the pr
21、ohibition law, government officials assumed that_.（分数：2.00）A.every American would buy alcohol illegallyB.all criminal activities would ceaseC.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcoholD.the social threat from drunkenness would decline(5).It can be inferred from the passage that_.（
22、分数：2.00）A.the Congress was wise to repeal ProhibitionB.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessC.during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingD.laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beveragesAs people continue to grow and age, our body systems c
23、ontinue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live l
24、onger, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you a
25、re under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the late
26、r portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life span
27、s may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!（分数：10.00）(1).When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “ bounce back“ here means_.（分数：2.00）A.toimproveinhealthafterones disease and injuryB.to run fastC.to recover from disease
28、and injuryD.to jump after recovering(2).In order to live longer, _.（分数：2.00）A.we should postpone the process of agingB.we should try to do some exerciseC.we have to try to be on a dietD.we should keep in high spirits(3).Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence?（分数：2.00）A.They may be
29、 able to find better ways to our life.B.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of life.C.They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature lives.D.They want to increase the
30、 general ability of our bodies.(4).Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because_.（分数：2.00）A.they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB.they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC.they
31、have come through the battle of life safelyD.they consider their life has been a successful one(5).According to the passage, “spans“ means_.（分数：2.00）A.a long period of timeB.a length of timeC.a long distance from one place to anotherD.longevityAny country has good reason to want its citizens to be a
32、s healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare St
33、ate“ in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health
34、Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service doctors, nurses and other hospital staff have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive
35、 medicine. The Health Service does need more staff a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatmen
36、t is abused and people visit their doctors when they dont really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people
37、 feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.（分数：10.00）(1).In the authors view, Britain is a Welfare State in that_.（分数：2.00）A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC.health service
38、is highly developed in BritainD.Britain doesnt allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health(2).We can infer from the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC
39、.an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service(3).The best title for the passage would be_.（分数：2.00）A.A Welfare StateB.Importance of the Health ServiceC.Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD.The Health Service(4).The author
40、 mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because_.（分数：2.00）A.their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.they might save some money for the poorD.their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the pati
41、ents(5).The word “abused“(Para. 4)means_.（分数：2.00）A.destroyedB.used in wrong wayC.ignoredD.wasted考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 1答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiolo
42、gically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event
43、or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a simi
44、lar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “ operant conditioning. “ This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles
45、him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some peop
46、le, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean
47、to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：10.00）(1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and
48、 experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning C.give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced解析：解析：写作目的题。文章的主题往往在首段，该段的“Psychologists have
49、 foundthat there are two basic processes by which learning takes place”告诉我们，本文主要在解释并举例说明两种基本的学习方式。故本题答案为 B。(2).If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though_that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.（分数：2.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioning C.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning解析：解析：例证题。题干中的例子与文中第二段母亲照顾婴儿例子类似，这个例子是为了证明该段的论点“The second kind of learni
