1、考研英语-试卷 89及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promo
2、ting all kind of innovation. It should be (1)_ also that technological innovations have (2)_ the character of war itself by the (3)_ of new mechanical and chemical device. One weapon developed during World War II (4)_ a special mention. The (5)_ of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its
3、possibilities as a (6)_ of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the Earth“s gravitational pull had been (7)_ by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. (8)_, a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working (9)_ the same lines a
4、nd in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket (10)_ of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket (11)_ the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were (12)_ in both the Soviet and United States space programs afte
5、r the war. Technology had a tremendous social (13)_ in the period 1900 1945. The automobile and electric power, (14)_, radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, (15)_ a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution (16)_ living through mass production of househo
6、ld goods and (17)_ The rapid development of the airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more (18)_. The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years (19)_ 1945 the constructive and creative opportunit
7、ies of modern technology could be (20)_, although the process has not been without its problems.（分数：40.00）A.notifiedB.observedC.commentedD.detectedA.transformedB.imitatedC.innovatedD.simulatedA.introductionB.innovationC.eliminationD.alterationA.requiresB.entitlesC.furnishesD.deservesA.principleB.dis
8、ciplineC.strategyD.doctrineA.methodsB.meansC.equipmentD.mediumA.taken overB.handed overC.carded outD.pointed outA.SimultaneouslyB.AdvantageouslyC.SpontaneouslyD.InstantaneouslyA.acrossB.atC.alongD.withA.capableB.ableC.possibleD.suitableA.spoiledB.informedC.labeledD.markedA.instrumentalB.mechanicalC.
9、structuralD.integralA.influenceB.connectionC.impactD.conflictA.on the other handB.as a resultC.on the contraryD.for instanceA.encouragingB.urgingC.promotingD.assistingA.byB.inC.throughD.onA.appliancesB.utilitiesC.instrumentsD.equipmentA.perceptiveB.accessibleC.complexD.controversialA.precedingB.prev
10、iousC.subsequentD.followingA.exploitedB.appliedC.adoptedD.processed二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Everybody loathes it, but everybody does it A
11、 recent poll showed that 20% of Americans hate the practice. It seems so arbitrary, after all. Why does a barman get a tip, but not a doctor who saves lives? In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a give
12、n service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The better the service, the bigger the tip. Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tippingin the 16th ce
13、ntury, boxes in English taverns carried the phrase “To Insure Promptitude“(later just “TIP“). But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function. The paper analyses data from 2,327 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The correlation between lar
14、ger tips and better service was very weak: only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as “excellent“ still tipped anywhere between 8% and 17% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by e
15、conomics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who delivers your groceries $2. In Euro
16、pe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. How to account for these national differences? Look no further than psychology. According to Michael Lynn, the Co
17、rnell paper“s co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, “In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about social approval, ff you tip badly, peopl
18、e think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.“ Icelanders, by contrast, do not usually tipa measure of their introversion, no doubt. While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping does not work. It does not benefit the customer. Nor, in the case of restaur
19、ants, does it actually stimulate the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff. Service people should “just be paid a decent wage“ which may actually make economic sense.（分数：10.00）(1).It is implied in the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.it is a universal regular for the custome
20、rs to pay a tip for good serviceB.there exists the tipping custom in each countryC.in some countries, tipping has become an industryD.more and more people are in favor of tipping(2).What can we know about the origin of “tip“?（分数：2.00）A.It originated from the English inn service.B.The original purpos
21、e of tip was to ensure that waiter could get more money.C.The waiter threatened the customers with bad service if no tips were given.D.It originated in a small English village.(3).We can get the information from the article that_.（分数：2.00）A.tipping is very popular in European countriesB.in Asian cou
22、ntries tipping never existedC.tipping is more popular in America than in EuropeD.tipping is popular in America because the Americans are much richer(4).People who dine in a New York restaurant_.（分数：2.00）A.are not expected to give any tip to the waiter or waitressB.had better tip more than 15% so as
23、not to be shamedC.may be looked down upon when offering a considerable tipD.are thought of as generous if they tip 15%(5).The author thinks that_.（分数：2.00）A.tipping can benefit greatly a country“s economic growthB.tipping can ensure the quality of service a customer receivesC.tipping can improve a c
24、ountry“s cultural environmentD.tipping is not conductive tertiary industryLike street comer prophets proclaiming that the end is near, scientists who study the earth“s atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof. So far even t
25、he experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics-especially Gingrichian politiciansplenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothe
26、tical calamity. Until now, a draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers-who have been criticized for going too far beyond the
27、scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1,300 leading climate experts from 40 nations. This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex c
28、omputer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unlike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generated gases-carbon dioxide from industry and a
29、uto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro carbons from leaky refrigerators and spray cans-are pumped into the models virtual atmospheres. Until recently, the computer models weren“t working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past
30、century or so, the results didn“t mesh with reality; the models said the world should now he warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures: sulfur dioxides that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels a
31、re burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming. Once the scientists factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991, when
32、 they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they are talking about-and can predict what may happen if greenhouse gases contin
33、ue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked.（分数：10.00）(1).Gingrichian politicians reluctant to address the problem because_.（分数：2.00）A.they think it is anything but a natural phenomenonB.the efforts may turn to be too difficult and expensiveC.they think the predicted disaster is only hypotheticalD
34、.some scientists have gone too far beyond the scientific consensus(2).A draft report currently circulating on the Internet_.（分数：2.00）A.confirms humans are partly responsible for global temperature riseB.criticizes some individual researchers for going too far from scientific truthC.reports a respect
35、ed UN sponsored bodyD.arouses the interest of more than 1,500 leading climate experts(3).The new findings about global climate change are based on_.（分数：2.00）A.new dataB.the virtual modelsC.lab experimentsD.scientists“ observation(4).The computer models failed to picture reality because_.（分数：2.00）A.t
36、hey only simulate what has happened over the past centuryB.they are wrongly programmedC.scientists didn“t take aerosols into considerationD.too many chemicals are produced along with CO2(5).The simulated computer models are proved reliable when_.（分数：2.00）A.an important factor affecting global temper
37、ature is included in the simulationsB.an increasing number of scientists show confidence in the computer modelsC.they successfully predicted temperature changes after a volcano eruptionD.a number of studies produce more positive resultsA patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or h
38、er invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although econom
39、ists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified? In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe tha
40、t the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the wo
41、rld better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years? In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent? Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly a
42、re simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers“ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system? First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought a
43、bout immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the cost
44、s and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. Th
45、e patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph mainly_.（分数：2.00）A.focuses on business monopolyB.tells us about the patent system in AmericaC.discusses a special form of market organizationD.def
46、ines what a patent is and its function(2).The second paragraph suggests strongly_.（分数：2.00）A.the contradictory nature of the patent systemB.the importance of the patent systemC.the benefits of the patent systemD.the monopoly of the patent system(3).The costs of the patent monopoly_.（分数：2.00）A.are me
47、asured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 yearsB.are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 yearsC.can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopolyD.should be determined in the context of an invention(4).What benefit can the patent system offer when the
48、 patent expires?（分数：2.00）A.An increase in consumer well-being.B.A reduced price for consumers.C.Higher productivity.D.The promotion of a desirable invention.(5).The patent system is valuable for the economy in that_.（分数：2.00）A.it creates goods and services and technologies that did not exist previouslyB.it gives an incentive to the inventor to publicize his research findingsC.it highlights the importance of property rights to ideasD.it is a source of economic growth and progressM
