1、考研英语阅读理解 A 节(传统题型)分类精讲科学技术类-(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Imagine browsing a website when an attractive ad for lingerie catches your eye. You dont click on it, merely smile and go to another page. Yet it follows you, putting up more racy pictures, perhaps even th
2、e offer of a discount. Finally, annoyed by its persistence, you frown. “Sorry for taking up your time,“ says the ad, and promptly stops further disturbance. Creepy. But making online ads that not only know you are looking at them but also respond to your emotions will soon be possible, thanks to the
3、 power of image-processing software and the common existence of tiny cameras in computers and mobile devices.Uses for this technology would not, of course, be confined to advertising. There is ample scope to apply it in areas like security, computer gaming, education and health care. But advertisers
4、 are among the first to embrace the idea in earnest. Advertising firms already film how people react to ads, usually in an artificial setting. The participants faces are studied for positive or negative feelings. A lot of research has been done into ways of categorizing the emotions behind facial ex
5、pressions. Some consumer-research companies also employ cameras to track eye movements so they can be sure what their subjects are looking at. This can help determine which ads attract the most attention and where they might be placed for the best effect on a web page.One of the companies doing such
6、 work, Realeyes, which is based in London, has been developing a system that combines eye-spying webcams with emotional analysis. Mihkel Jaatma, who founded the company in 2007, says that his system is able to detect a persons mood by plotting the position of facial features, such as eyebrows, mouth
7、 and nostrils, and employing clever programs to interpret changes in their alignmentas when eyebrows are raised in surprise, say. Add eye-movement tracking, hinting at which display ads were overlooked and which were studied for any period of time, and the approach offers precisely the sort of quant
8、itative data brand managers yearn for.At present the system is being used on purpose-built websites with, for instance, online research groups testing the effect of various display ads. The next step is to make interactive ads. Because they can spot the visual attention given to them, as well as the
9、 emotional state of the viewer, these ads could change their responses.As similar technologies become widespread, privacy concerns will invariably increase. People would need to give consent to their webcams being used in this way, Mr. Jaatma admits. One way to persuade Internet users to grant acces
10、s to their images would be to offer them discounts on goods or subscriptions to websites.（分数：20.00）(1).The imagined situation in Paragraph 1 introducesA. an effective way of displaying advertisements.B. a method of getting rid of annoying commercials.C. an image-processing software used in promotion
11、.D. an innovative technology tracking peoples emotions.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 2 ,the study of peoples emotional responses to adsA. contributes to the wide use of interactive ads in various fields.B. helps to improve the way in which online ads are displayed.C. classifies the dif
12、ferent emotions of the subjects in real life.D. opens a door to a better acceptance of online advertisements.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The emotional analysis by Realeyes company mainly focuses onA. eye movements.B. psychological disorders.C. facial expressions.D. quantitative data.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In
13、teractive ads are featured byA. smart responses.B. identification of attention.C. recognition of emotions.D. acute observation.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).As for the new technology, use of webcams would be forbidden whenA. intellectual property is concerned.B. Internet users do not permit it.C. the technol
14、ogy becomes popular.D. no discounts or other services are provided.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.Treating waste water is energy intensive. In the US, it sucks up the equivalent output of four of the countrys biggest power plants every year. But it neednt be such a drain on resourcessoon it might be able to earn
15、its keep. A team led by Hong Liu from Oregon State University in Corvallis has plans for microbial fuel cells that will reclaim energy from waste water and produce around 2.87 watts per litre of waste water. That is almost double the amount of electrical power usual for such a cell. And its by-produ
16、cts could be harnessed to create cheap, biodegradable plastics.Waste water holds huge amounts of energy, bound up in organic molecules, but it can be difficult to access. The Oregon fuel ceils run on microbes that would normally digest organic matter to produce water. In a fuel cell, though, isolate
17、d from oxygen, that conversion stops and electrons, which are bundled with protons and oxygen to form water, are pulled away from the microbes by the potential between a cathode and an anode, creating an electrical current.As well as transferring the mixture of microbes on the electrodes, the Oregon
18、 design has also managed to squash far more electrodes into the fuel cell than on previous versions. Liu says her lab aims to scale up the device within the next five years and make it cheaper. The by-products of waste water treatment can be harnessed too. Engineers are working on a way to convert m
19、ethane into biodegradable plastics.The dream plastic would be biodegradable, made from organic materials, and break down easily. At the moment, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) seems like the best bet. But PHA plastics are manufactured by genetically modified bacteria fed on sugars in a process that is bo
20、th expensive and complex, making it hard for them to compete with conventional plastics. In the past, researchers have used the by-products of waste water treatment to generate fuel and sometimes even to create plastics, but nearly all these attempts have focused on the solid waste and chemicals. Be
21、cause the solid waste is made of many diverse components, it produces a less stable plastic.So Molly Morse of Mango Materials in California and colleagues are now using methane, another major by-product of treating waste water. Methanotrophs, simple organisms that feed on methane, are much better at
22、 converting it into polymers than typical bacteria are at converting sugar into plastics. Methane is pumped into a vat of methanotrophsharvested from the waste water treatment plant itselfalong with a bubbling stream of oxygen and a few other nutrients. The end result is a polymer powder that can be
23、 separated from the mass of bacteria and turned into pellets for shaping into commercial plastic products.（分数：20.00）(1).What can we learn about Hong Lius plans?A. They will call for recognition of the pubic.B. They will protect energy from further losing.C. They have failed to properly preserve ener
24、gy.D. They can recover useful things from waste products.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the energy in waste waterA. doesnt reach the amount for usage.B. is easy to be acquired and stocked.C. can be transformed into electrical power.D. can only be used in producing plastics.（分数：4.00）A
25、.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is true about PHA plastics?A. Their producing is cheap and simple.B. They can break down easily after usage.C. They arent as good as conventional plastics.D. They can only be acquired from solid waste.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).With methane, Molly Morse and colleaguesA. c
26、an treat waste water with less by-products.B. will convert sugar into plastics much easily.C. can break away from waste treatment plants.D. will create more commercial plastic products.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Whats the main idea of this passage?A. How to make electricity from water.B. Plastics and envi
27、ronment protection.C. Waste water treatment and recycling.D. Waste classification and treatments.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.The scourge thats plaguing cruise linesand causing thousands of Americans to rethink their holiday travel plansdidnt start this year, nor did it even start on a ship. It began, as far as
28、 the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) can tell, in Norwalk, Ohio, in October 1968, when 116 elementary-school children and teachers suddenly became ill. The CDC investigated, and the culprit was discovered to be a small, spherical, previously unclassified virus that scientists named, appropriately e
29、nough, the Norwalk virus.Flash forward 34 years, and Norwalk-like viruses(theres a whole family of them) are all over the news as one ocean liner after another limps into port with passengers complaining of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and cramping. The CDC, which gets called in whenever more than 2%
30、of a vessels passengers come down with the same disease, identified Norwalk as the infectious agent and oversaw thorough ship scrubbings which to the dismay of the owners of the cruise lines, havent made the problem go away.So are we in the middle of an oceangoing epidemic? Not according to Dave For
31、ney, chief of the CDCs vessel-sanitation program. He sees this kind of thing all the time; a similar outbreak on several ships in Alaska last summer got almost no press. In fact, he says, as far as gastrointestinal illness goes, fewer people may be getting sick this year than last.Norwalk-like virus
32、es, it turns out, are extremely commonperhaps second only to cold virusesand they tend to break out whenever people congregate in close quarters for more than two or three days. Oceangoing pleasure ships provide excellent breeding grounds, but so do schools, hotels, camps, nursing homes and hospital
33、s. “Whenever we look for this virus,“ says Dr. Marc Widdowson, a CDC epidemiologist, “we find it.“ Just last week 100 students (of500) at the Varsity Acres Elementary School in Calgary, Alta stayed home sick. School prank? Hardly. The Norwalk virus had struck again.If ocean cruises are your idea of
34、fun, dont despair. This might even be a great time to go shopping for a bargain. The ships have been cleaned. The food and water have been examined and found virus free. According to the CDC, it was probably the passengers who brought the virus aboard.Of course, if you are ill or recovering from a s
35、tomach bug, you might do everybody a favor and put off your travel until the infectious period has passed (it can take a couple of weeks). To reduce your chances of getting sick, the best thing to do is wash your handsfrequently and thoroughlyand keep them out of your mouth.One more thing: if, like
36、me, you are prone to motion sickness, dont forget to pack your Dramamine.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the text, CDC is an organization thatA. works against the Newwalk-like viruses.B. helps to control diseases.C. specializes in treating virus in ocean liners.D. works for the benefits of cruise owners.
37、（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can be inferred from the words of Dave Forney?A. Norwalk-like viruses caused horrors among people.B. Norwalk-like viruses can be eliminated by CDC.C. Norwalk-like viruses casually appear on vessels.D. Norwalk-like viruses co-exist with gastrointestinal illness.（分数：4.00）A.B.
38、C.D.(3).The history of Norwalk-like virus tells us thatA. it is named by CDC.B. it caused thousands of tourists sick.C. it is an ordinary virus.D. it has been eradicated now.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).We can learn from the fourth paragraph thatA. students are easily attacked by the Norwalk-like virus.B. N
39、orwalk-like viruses tend to break out in closed crowded place.C. Norwalk-like viruses might cause flu.D. Norwalk-like viruses are not widespread.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We know from the authors suggestions thatA. we can bargain about the ocean cruises.B. people with motion sickness should not travel by
40、 ships.C. passengers might be the cause of Norwalk-like viruses.D. washing hands is a good habit.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.That Arctic sea ice is disappearing has been known for decades. The underlying cause is believed by all but a handful of climatologists to be global warming brought about by greenhouse-g
41、as emissions. Yet the rate the ice is vanishing confuses these climatologists models. These predict that if the level of carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the atmosphere continues to rise, then the Arctic Ocean will be free of floating summer ice by the end of the century. At current rates of shr
42、inkage, by contrast, this looks likely to happen sometime between 2020 and 2050.The reason is that Arctic air is warming twice as fast as the atmosphere as a whole. Some of the causes of this are understood, but some are not. The darkness of land and water compared with the reflectiveness of snow an
43、d ice means that when the latter melt to reveal the former, the area exposed absorbs more heat from the sun and reflects less of it back into space. The result is a feedback loop that accelerates local warming. Such feedback, though, does not completely explain what is happening. Hence the search fo
44、r other things that might assist the ices rapid disappearance.One is physical change in the ice itself. Formerly a solid mass that melted and refroze at its edges, it is now thinner, more fractured, and so more liable to melt. But that is (literally and figuratively) a marginal effect. Filling the g
45、ap between model and reality may need something besides this. The latest candidates are “short-term climate forcings“. These are pollutants, particularly ozone and soot (also called “black carbon“) that do not hang around in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide does, but have to be renewed continually i
46、f they are to have a lasting effect. If they are so renewed, though, their impact may be as big as CO2s.Reducing soot would not stop the summer sea ice disappearing, but it might delay the process by a decade or two. According to a recent report by the United Nations Environment Program, reducing so
47、ot and ozone in the lower part of the atmosphere, especially in the Arctic countries of America, Canada, Russia and Scandinavia, could cut warming in the Arctic by two-thirds over the next three decades. Indeed, the report suggests, if such measurespreventing crop burning and forest fires, cleaning
48、up diesel engines and wood stoves, and so onwere adopted everywhere they could halve the wider rate of wanning by 2050.The rapid melting of the Arctic sea ice, then, illuminates the difficulty of modeling the climatebut not in a way that brings much comfort to those who hope that fears about the fut
49、ure climate might prove exaggerated. When reality is changing faster than theory suggests it should, a certain amount of nervousness is a reasonable response.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following is true of global wanning according to Paragraph 1?A. It is caused mainly by carbon dioxide emissions.B. Most climatologists attribute Arctic sea ice melting to it.C. It doesnt develop as climatologists models have predicted.D. Arctic sea ice will soon disappear under its impact.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 2, the feedback loopA. makes the wanning
