1、考研英语阅读理解 B 节(新题型)分类精讲社会伦理类-(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. American and European women lived in the 1800s cinched in their waists so ti
2、ghtly that some suffered internal damage. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focused on womens bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s.(1) However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not
3、 just an example of women trying to look their best; it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success.(2) One of the negative psychological side effects associated with eating disorders is the patients distortion of their own body image, body image being defined as the picture a person has
4、in his mind of his own body, that is, the way his body appears to him. Many women who are caught up in the relentless pursuit of thinness also experience some degree of disturbed body image.(3) (4) . Women with perfectly normal bodies see themselves as being heavy; so that the definition of “normal“
5、 becomes inaccurate and this perceived normalcy is represented by a very small percentage of women. It follows that if body image is so closely linked to self-image, it is important for women to learn to feel comfortable with the body they live in, despite any “imperfections“.(5) . Advertising is a
6、major vehicle for presenting images and forming attitudes. The majority of ads incorporate young, beautiful, slender models to present their products and services. While individual ads may not be seen as a big issue, it is the cumulative, unconscious impact that has an effect on attitudes toward wom
7、en, and in womens attitudes toward themselves. As women are consistently exposed to these feminine forms through both print and television, it becomes difficult to distinguish what is normal, and even more difficult not to compare themselves to this form.A. The experiences and practices of women who
8、 “simply diet“ are not radically different from those who are diagnosed with eating disorders. For some women, achieving the “perfect“ body form becomes the most important goal in life.B. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psyc
9、hologist Eva Szekely, “Having to be attractive at this time means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy“.C. The images that are presented in advertising are designed to create an illusion, a fantasy id
10、eal that will keep women continually consuming. Advertisers are well aware of the insecurities that most women feel about their own bodies.D. So why during this process of development so many women become dissatisfied, self-critical, and judgmental about their own bodies? One of the reasons may have
11、 to do with the media and various forms of advertising. Ads sell more than just products; they present an idea of normalcy, who we are and who we should be.E. While women continue to struggle for equality on an economic scale and within their relationships, they still maintain control over their own
12、 bodies. It is important that women begin to accept themselves for who they are, regardless of their body type, and to feel comfortable with the body they live in.F. In attempting to mould their appearance to meet the current ideal, numerous women are literally starving themselves to death. The inci
13、dence of eating disorders has doubled during the last two decades. This increase is no longer limited to women in their teens and twenties, but is increasingly diagnosed in patients in their thirties and forties.G. Feelings about body are closely related to a womans sense of self; the body is percei
14、ved as acceptable or unacceptable, providing a foundation for self-concept. It is alarming, then, that almost 80% of women think theyre overweight. Body image has very little to do with the way a person actually looks; many women who appear to fit the ideal body type are actually dissatisfied with t
15、heir appearance.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Curiously, for a publication called a newspaper, no one has ever coined a standard definition of news. But for the most part, news usually falls under one broad classification the abnormal. It is human folly, mechanical failures and natura
16、l disasters that often “make the news“.(1) . Occasionally, a reporter will go to jail rather than reveal the name of a confidential source for a news story. American newspapers proudly consider themselves the fourth branch of governmentthe watchdog branch that exposes legislative, executive and judi
17、cial misbehavior.(2) . Others are called “general assignment reporters“, which means they are on call for a variety of stories such as accidents, civil events and human-interest stories. Depending on a newspapers needs during the daily news cycle, seasoned reporters easily shift between beat and gen
18、eral-assignment work. (New reporters once were called cubs, but the term is no longer used.)(3) . They are our chroniclers of daily life, sorting, sifting and bringing a sense of order to a disorderly world.(4) . Other editorssports, photo, state, national, features and obituary, for example may als
19、o report to the managing editor.(5) Once the city or metro editor has finished editing a reporters raw copy, the story moves from the composition system via the computer network to another part of the news divisionthe copy desk. Here, copy editors check for spelling and other errors of usage. They m
20、ay also look for “holes“ in the story that would confuse readers or leave their questions unanswered. If necessary, copy editors may check facts in the newspapers library, which maintains a large collection of reference books, microfilm and online copies of stories that have appeared in the paper.A.
21、 All reporters are ultimately responsible to an editor. Depending on its size, a newspaper may have numerous editors, beginning with an executive editor responsible for the news division. Immediately below the executive editor is the managing editor, the person who oversees the day-to-day work of th
22、e news division.B. Reporters are a newspapers front-line eyes and ears. Reporters glean information from many sources, some public, such as police records, and others private, such as a government informant.C. Newspapers are increasingly doing this work, called pagination, with personal computers us
23、ing software available at any office supply store. Microsoft Windows, Word and Quark Express are three programs that, though not designed for newspaper production, are easily adapted for it.D. However, the best known and in some ways the most crucial editor is the city or metro editor. This is the e
24、ditor that reporters work for directly. The city or metro editor assigns stories, enforces deadlines and is the first to see reporters raw copy on the composition system or computer network. These editors are called gatekeepers, because they control much of what will and will not appear in the next
25、days paper.E. Before we see what happens to the electronic pages built by the copy desk, it will be helpful to understand how other divisions of the newspapers contribute to the production cycle.F. Some reporters are assigned to beats, or an area of coverage, such as the courts, city hall, education
26、, business, medicine and so forth.G. In the movies, reporters have exciting, frenzied and dangerous jobs as they live a famous pronouncement of the newspaper business: Comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable. Although a few members of the media have been killed as a result of investigation
27、s into wrongdoing, newspaper work for the great majority of reporters is routine.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_A. “I just dont know how to motivate them to do a better job. Were in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, well probably have t
28、o lay some people off in the near future. Its hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isntits boring, routine paperwork, and there isnt much you can do about it.“B. “Finally, I cant say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of
29、 all, they know its not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through t
30、heir career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.“C. “Ive got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a walk. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action invo
31、lved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.“D. “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know thats not fairtoo many other things
32、are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesnt necessarily mean youll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winnin
33、g the competition, and they figured why they should labor when there was no payoff.“E. “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when
34、we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.“F. “So I just dont kno
35、w what to do. Ive been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.“G. A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and executives of var
36、ious departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivationhow we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_The main
37、purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone“ that lists where you went to school and where youve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional“ resumedescriptive, fun to read, unique to you an
38、d much more likely to land you an interview.Its handy to have a “tombstone“ for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested “tombstone“ lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will g
39、et reada resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.1. Put yourself first:In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.2. Sell what you can do, not who you are:Practice translating your personality traits, character, a
40、ccomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.Toot your own horn!Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employe
41、r would be glad to punchif only you show it.3. Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!Remember that “brevity is the best policy.“4. Turn bad news into good:Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.5. Never apologize:If youre retuming to the
42、work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Dont apologize for working at being a mother; its the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just dont mention education.The se
43、cret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Dont worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and
44、 try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three acc
45、omplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before youre ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When youre satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is
46、 far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.Isnt that the kind of person youd want working for you?A. A woman who lost her job as a teachers aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: “Principal of elementary school cited
47、me as the only teachers aide she would rehire if government funds became available.“B. One resume I received included the following: Invited by my superior to straighten out our organizations accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 1
48、00 percent. Rewarded with raise and promotion. Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her rewardall in 34 words.C. For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.D. An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn though not so well educated.“E. One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that
