1、考研英语（翻译）-试卷 16及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_The technological revolutions of the last two decades ha
2、ve placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed. 【F1】 The underlying assumption in “technology transfer“ is that the application of n
3、ew discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technologica
4、l progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.【F2】 The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management. It
5、is my contention that “technology transfer“ as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed. 【F3】 The fundamental flaw is that “technology transfer“ is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they f
6、ind acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries. Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which “technology transfer“ is based, beginning with training and ending with application, is composed
7、 of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained. Clearly, technology based on the set of
8、determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】 This situation must be replaced through a new process which mi
9、ght be called “basic knowledge transfer“ as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries. This approach contains the following features: Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to
10、applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a prac
11、tical situation.【F5】 The problem of internal “technology transfer“ will require for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists; means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2
12、).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science
13、is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccinatio
14、n, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread. 【F2】 The process of vaccination allows the patient“s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease
15、is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body“s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease“ s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient“s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in wh
16、ich genetic information is passed from cell to cell.【F3】 This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4】 On occasion,
17、even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient“s death. 【F5】 Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out t
18、he entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine tod
19、ay, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970“s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpecte
20、d deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in gr
21、eat measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain compone
22、nts of intelligence were improved far more than others. 【F2】 The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attentionthat aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a pas
23、sive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation, the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty
24、is increased.【F3】 The organism is more awake more vigilant, this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first gen
25、eral with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experie
26、nce. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes. The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of
27、attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】 Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the
28、animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say
29、, a hungry lizard“ s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterday“s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind.【F5】 Its mood of w
30、ariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_It was the biggest scientific grudge
31、match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters“ in the human body.【F1】 The s
32、cientific importance of the work is unquestionable, the completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government“s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biote
33、chnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab. Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collin
34、s(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities wer
35、e resolved(for the time being). No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】 Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soonthe “finish lines“ each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts“ rather than the definitive version. 【F3】 And while the j
36、oint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they“ve been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration. The conflict blew up this February when Britain“s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participa
37、nt, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP“s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.“ But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,“ Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is pr
38、obably not helpful.“【F4】 At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other“s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details
39、 for Monday“s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.“【F5】 With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring
40、 how to make use of all that data.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）-试卷 16答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following te
41、xt carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear th
42、at its methods have improved or its result progressed. 【F1】 The underlying assumption in “technology transfer“ is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility else
