1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 3 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_科学研究不应寻求绝对的普遍真理 2012 年英译汉及详解 Since the days of Aris
2、totle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton“s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework. 【F1】 In physics, one approach
3、 takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sort
4、s remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.【F2】 Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained be
5、ginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world“s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.【F3】 To filter out what is unique from what is shared m
6、ight enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colle
7、agues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few ge
8、nerative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 【F4】 The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many languages, w
9、hich are considered torepresent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2, 000 languages.【F5】 Chomsky“s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent o
10、f the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and no
11、t governed by universals.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_行为科学的建立 2002 年英译汉及详解 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technolog
12、y of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.【F1】 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biolo
13、gy once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.【F2】 The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviou
14、sly important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.【F3】 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shap
15、ing and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions
16、, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.【F4】 They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)m
17、an of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values“. Who wi
18、ll use a technology and to what ends?【F5】 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_科学技术影响人类的未来生活
19、2001 年英译汉及详解 In less than 30 years“ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain“ s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 【F1】 There will be television chat sh
20、ows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 【F2】 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television,
21、and digital age will have arrived. According to BT“s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1, 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 【F3】 Pearson has piece
22、d together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended l
23、ife expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop ful
24、l sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,“ he says.【F4】 But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human bef
25、ore the end of the next century.“ Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be pos
26、sible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the d
27、roids.【F5】 And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_关于宇宙起源的科学发现 1998 年英译汉及详解 They were
28、, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth.【F1】 But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the pattern
29、s and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration“s Cosmic Background Explorer satelliteCobehad discovered landmark evid
30、ence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy). 【F2】 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1
31、920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms
32、of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans. Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and supercluster
33、s of galaxies. They shouldn“t have long to wait.【F3】 Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 【F4】 If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet
34、 another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.【F5】 Odd though it s
35、ounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5)
36、.【F5】（分数：2.00）_探究科研领域的发展趋势 1996 年英译汉及详解 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some exten
37、t self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frigh
38、tening trend.【F2】 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time quest
39、ions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate
40、 goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate uti
41、lity is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good“ as opposed to “bad“ science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an el
42、egant theory.【F4】 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world“ s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_
