1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 8及答案解析(总分：52.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：52.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese._动物的权利问题 1997 年英译汉及详解 Do animals have rights? This is how the question is
2、 usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.【F1】 Actually, it isn“t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.【F2】 Some phil
3、osophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is
4、 only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some peoplefor instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply
5、to somebody who says “I don“t like this contract“? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.【F3】 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the considerati
6、on humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it.【F4】 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant resp
7、ect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalen
8、t to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.“ In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoningthe ethical equivalent of learning to crawlis to weigh others“ interests against one“s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imaginati
9、on: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.【F5】 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind“s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.（分数：10.00）(1).【
10、F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_能源危机及影响 1991 年英译汉及详解 The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely
11、 or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.【F1】 The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. 【F2】 New sources of energy must be
12、found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance
13、at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world“s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twen
14、ty-first century opens. 【F3】 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin
15、with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand
16、 food production to fill the additional mouths.【F4】 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United Sta
17、tes will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.【F5】 Until
18、such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food“.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_男性从事“女性”职业 1988 年英译
19、汉及详解 Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient. Stylishly dressed, the firm“s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased:【F1】 Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in pers
20、onal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.【F2】 Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women. The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and
21、 they haven“t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering
22、fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no job seems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.【F3】 These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can dobut they also produce some
23、undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women. What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women“s fields“? All kinds.【F4】 “I don“t know of any definite answers I“d be comfortable with,“ explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for
24、 Research on Women. Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.【F5】 “I found that work very interesting.“ he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into someth
25、ing medical. I wasn“t really interested in becoming a doctor.“ Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent. 【F6】 In other words, men enter “female“ jobs out of the sam
26、e consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work. But similarities often end there. Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous. As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently
27、 treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact. The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue. Most men don“t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewin
28、g workers. Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.【F7】 To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule. “There was kidding in the beginning,“ recalls Ormont. “Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say “A nurse,“ they laugh at me. I just smile and say, “You
29、 know, there are female doctors, too.“ Still, there are encouraging signs. Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses. Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male. 【F8】 Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and womenor when the me
30、ntion of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It“s probably comingbut not very soon.（分数：16.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_(6).【F6】（分数：2.00）_(7).【F7】（分数：2.00）_(8).【F8】（分数：2.00）_城市对人类生活的重要性及面临的问题 1987 年英译汉及详解 Have there always been c
31、ities?【F1】 Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of m
32、an“s social existence.【F2】 Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment.【F3】 It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large bu
33、sinesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity.【F4】 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that citie
34、s are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great
35、wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low r
36、ent districts, the “right side of town“ and the slums. Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them.【F5】 But one basic
37、 difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of
38、 their own free will.【F6】 And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together com
39、munally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry? It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to
40、 do.【F7】 To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed? Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban a
41、reas, the problem of the cities must be solved.【F8】 From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned conceptthe idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.（分数：16.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_(6).【F6】（分数：2.00）_(7).【F7】（分数：2.00）_(8).【F8】（分数：2.00）_
