1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 101及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_The death of the actress Natasha Richardson after a
2、fall on a ski slope has further publicized an ugly truth that millions of Americans already know: Hardly anyone outside of an emergency room knows how to respond to brain trauma. There isn“t a standard response system that has been adequately promulgated in high school or college athletics, boxing r
3、ings or ski resorts. We“re fascinated by the inner workings of the brain and marvel at its mysteries, yet we aren“t very serious about protecting our most prized organ. According to a 2008 list put together by the American Academy of Certified Brain Injury Specialists, there isn“t a single certified
4、 brain injury specialist working on America“s ski slopes. Brain injury prevention and research has been notoriously underfinanced for decades now. In 2007, the federal AIDS budget was $22. 8 billion, and Parkinson“ s disease received $250 million. In contrast, the Health and Human Services Departmen
5、t“s traumatic brain injury program, the most substantive public health program targeting this problem, was allotted only $ 8. 5 million, and last year President George W. Bush even proposed eliminating it.(President Obama recently added around $ 1 million to the program.) There has been some good ne
6、ws, too. The Department of Defense has increased allocations for brain injury research in recent years. One of the most promising neurotrauma protocols comes from an Emory University researcher, Donald Stein, whose work suggests that a dose of the hormone progesterone administered within 24 hours of
7、 a brain injury could have a profound protective effect. In three years, an injection of progesterone might be standard procedure in every emergency response arsenal. The best hope for legislative reform comes from the National Neurotechnology Initiative Act, introduced last year, which calls for $2
8、00 million toward “science and technology that allows an individual to analyze, understand, treat and heal the brain and nervous system“. Each year, 1. 4 million Americans sustain a brain injury. Some of them, like Natasha Richardson, will wave off the trauma and continue as before, only to be perma
9、nentlyor mortallyinjured as a result. With more than 300,000 troops possibly affected by brain injury, the military is creating a sophisticated neurotrauma response system. How many millions of civilian brains must be injured before our nation provides a similar response?（分数：10.00）(1).The death of a
10、n actress is cited to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.few people are knowledgeable about the danger of skiingB.average people know little about how to protect their brainsC.most people hardly know anything about how a brain worksD.millions of Americans know a lot about the ugly brain trauma(2).The fact that
11、there isn“t a single certified brain injury specialist working on America“s ski slopes illustrates that _.（分数：2.00）A.we fail to pay adequate attention to the protection of our brainsB.there lacks a perfect response system to brain injury in AmericaC.specialists are only interested in the inner worki
12、ngs of the brainD.it“s urgent to have brain injury specialists working on ski slopes(3).The brain injury prevention and research in America _.（分数：2.00）A.might have been eliminated by Bush AdministrationB.has been the most substantive public health programC.is notorious since it has been underfinance
13、d for yearsD.has been neglected by higher authorities for a long time(4).Even if the Department of Defense; has increased allocations for brain injury research, _.（分数：2.00）A.millions of Americans sustain a brain injury each yearB.some sufferers from such injury are hardly to be injured for goodC.a s
14、ophisticated neurotrauma response system is to be createdD.the suffering from brain injury cannot be effectively alleviated(5).The author implies that the prospect for the prevention of brain injury is_.（分数：2.00）A.grimB.brightC.doubtfulD.formidableIf you go to a football game, a rock concert or a fr
15、aternity kegger, you will not be surprised to find people screaming, laughing, bumping chests, ringing cowbells, baying at the moon and generally shedding their inhibitions. If you attend a wedding ceremony, a funeral or a confirmation, however, you may expect those around you to comport themselves
16、in a polite and restrained manner. School commencement exercises used to fall into the latter category, but they have been moving make that descendingtoward the former. The question being addressed in Galesburg, 111. , is whether to surrender to that slide or try to reverse it. And I“m happy to repo
17、rt that school officials there not only favor reversal but have actually managed to bring it about. They adopted several reforms, the most important of which was to establish clear rules and require students and parents to sign forms listing forbidden conductsuch as yelling, dancing, making gestures
18、, using noisemakers and other “disruptive behavior“. The school also spelled out the consequences “should the graduating student and/or family/friends admitted to the ceremony“ misbehave: The student would be barred from the school party and would not get an actual diploma(though he or she would sti
19、ll be considered a graduate). An insert went into the commencement program in case anyone needed one last reminder. Administrators say the new policy produced a huge improvement. But this year, a few recalcitrants had to test the limits, and the school decided to withhold diplomas from five students
20、. They were offered the chance to get their diplomas by performing eight hours of community service. On Wednesday, though, school officials relented, saying it was time “to move on“. At a typical graduation, most people don“t need to be told to show courtesy and respect for others. But there are alw
21、ays some attendees who insist on calling attention to themselves. And all it takes is a handful of the unruly to spoil the experience for everyone else. Some people think that a commencement is a celebration, and that celebrations by definition should be unrestrained. By that logic, wedding guests s
22、hould be blowing noisemakers during the recitation of vows. Modern America does not lack for parties. What it increasingly lacks is rituals that treat landmarks in life with a sense of solemnity. School officials in Galesburg may have fallen short of a perfect solution, but they at least are trying
23、to preserve a tradition their community values. They understand that a society which treats every happy occasion as a frolic is a society in danger of forgetting that some moments are worthy of dignity, respect and even awe.（分数：10.00）(1).The author argues that in some special Occasions people are ex
24、pected_.（分数：2.00）A.to show their feelings lightheartedlyB.to shed their inhibitionsC.to behave politelyD.to play it cool(2).The word “slide“ in the 2nd paragraph refers to the tendency that_.（分数：2.00）A.there are fewer school commencement exercisesB.some people become less restrained in solemn ceremo
25、niesC.school officials favor the reforms of commencement exercisesD.people interested in school commencement are less than before(3).The school officials in Galesburg, Ill. _.（分数：2.00）A.require students and parents to sign formsB.admit parents to attend school ceremoniesC.have established specific r
26、ules for students and parentsD.forbid students to behave impolitely in school ceremonies(4).The author asserts that_.（分数：2.00）A.students who misbehave should be punishedB.celebrations should no doubt be unrestrainedC.some moments should be treated with solemnityD.people should never call attention t
27、o themselves(5).The author believes that what school officials in Galesburg are doing is_.（分数：2.00）A.worthy of praiseB.far from adequateC.more than sufficientD.obviously imperfectHeart failure patients who started an aerobic exercise program reported better quality of life after three months, though
28、 the activity only modestly reduced their risk of being hospitalized or dying over two and a half years, researchers have found. The results appear to resolve the question of whether it is safe for medically stable patients with heart failure to engage in physical activity, since participants in the
29、 exercise group were no more likely to suffer an adverse event than those who were not exercising. Patients with heart failure have traditionally been told to rest, but that recommendation is changing in light of evidence that suggests physical activity is beneficial and may even increase survival r
30、ates in some patients. Two studies, to be published Wednesday in The Journal of the American Medical Association, report data from a controlled clinical trial sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. One analysis found that exercise improved overall well-being, while the other foun
31、d that it slightly reduced the risk of hospital admissions and death. Some five million Americans have heart failure, in which the heart fails to pump enough blood for the body“s needs, and an estimated 500,000 cases are diagnosed each year. Though medication and other treatments exist, patients oft
32、en suffer from poor quality of life. Simple activities like climbing stairs leave them tired and short of breath; they are frequently hospitalized and at high risk for premature death. The trial followed 2,331 stable heart failure patients from the United States, Canada and France, with a median age
33、 of 59. Fewer than one-third were women. The patients were randomly assigned to their usual medical care or to standard treatment combined with an aerobic exercise program, then followed for two and a half years on average. Exercise participants began by using a treadmill or a stationary bicycle 15
34、minutes to 35 minutes three times a week, working up to 40 minutes five times a week. Death and hospitalization rates were only slightly lower in the exercise group. About 65 percent, or 759 patients, in the exercise training group died or were hospitalized, compared with 68 percent, or 796 patients
35、, in the usual care group. After accounting for several variables, the scientists determined that patients who exercised cut their risk of death and hospitalization by 11 percent. Dr. Kathryn E. Flynn, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Duke School of Medicine, said
36、over half of the patients who exercised had palpable improvements in quality of life measures, compared with only 29 percent in the group that received usual care.（分数：10.00）(1).It is reported that aerobic exercise program_.（分数：2.00）A.relieves patients of the pain they sufferB.restores both mental an
37、d physical healthC.reduces the sufferings from heart failureD.markedly lowers the risk of dying soon(2).If medically stable patients with heart failure take regular physical exercise, they_.（分数：2.00）A.are not likely to die within two yearsB.still run the risk of being hospitalizedC.may live as norma
38、lly as healthy peopleD.are likely to survive longer than otherwise(3).In spite of medication and treatment,_.（分数：2.00）A.as many as five million Americans suffer heart failureB.patients with heart failure suffer a lot in their daily lifeC.heart fails to pump enough blood for the body“s needsD.many ne
39、w cases of heart failure are reported each year(4).According to a clinical trial on patients with heart failure, light exercise is_.（分数：2.00）A.conducive to the improvement of life qualityB.not likely to replace the standard treatmentC.only complementary to usual medical careD.effective to reduce the
40、 risk of dying soon(5).The author argues that stable heart disorder people_.（分数：2.00）A.run little risk of death if taking aerobic exercisesB.require usual medical care and standard treatmentC.are less likely to be hospitalized if taking exerciseD.often feel tired and breathless when going up stairsC
41、ombining animal and human genes provokes unease among some philosophers, theologians, and ordinary citizens. Currently, scientists want to inject the nuclei of human cells into animal eggs generally from cows and rabbitsthat have been stripped of their nuclei to create cell hybrids, or cybrids. No o
42、ne knows if such cybrid embryos might grow into human babies if implanted in an appropriate womb. Would such cybrid babies suffer some physical or mental problems as a result of their animal genetic heritage? The real risks of creating physically and mentally diminished human beings mean that it wou
43、ld be immoral to grow human-animal cybrids into full-term babies. But let“s flip the questioninstead of diminishing humans, what about uplifting animals by boosting their intelligence and physical dexterity? Would it be wrong to uplift animals and make them happy slaves? Creating happy uplifted anim
44、al slaves faces two chief moral objections. First, I would not want to be a happy slave. If I wouldn“t want to be one then I assume no one else, including uplifted animals, would want to be. Second, a society dependent on happy slaves would be morally corrosive. So why wouldn“t I want to be a happy
45、slaveafter all I would be, by definition, happy. I reject happy servitude because I don“ t want limitations placed on my capacities and my aspirations. But of course, my genes and environment have already limited my intellectual and physical capacities and aspirations. However, living as a human dis
46、contented with my shortcomings, I know that it is “Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven“. When sufficient progress has been made later this century, I hope to have the power of choosing how to use new technologies to enhance my capacities and even at the risk of overwhelming and destroying
47、my own identity. On the point of moral corrosion, consider the plot of The Planet of the Apes. What has happened is that the humans uplifted the apes and became so dependent upon their simian servants that their intellects decayed. There are, of course, lots of confounding factors, but history featu
48、res no economically and technologically robust slave-holding civilizations. In any case, I suspect humanity will become deeply integrated with our increasingly powerful computational technologies so that happy animal slaves will be basically useless anyway. A rich speculative literature makes it cle
49、ar that there are a plenty of ways in which uplift technologies could be misused or go awry, but there is no bright moral line forbidding the uplift of animals to human-level intelligence. Successfully uplifted animals would have to be treated with the same moral respect that we owe to human persons.（分数：10.00）(1).The author believes tha
