1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 182 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_At this point, most of us generally have a clue abo
2、ut the basics of staying in good healtheat well, exercise, don“t drink too much and don“t smoke. And plenty of research has been dedicated to exploring how failing on any of those fronts, or even more than one at a time, can be detrimental to overall health. Yet, for many people, those bad habits ha
3、ve a way of accumulating. And, ac-cording to a new study published this week in the Archives of Internal Medicine, their cumulative impact can be pretty grim. In an analysis of nearly 5,000 adults tracked for two decades, researchers found that stacking up these four bad habits can work together to
4、prematurely age you by as much as 12 years. Looked at independently, the risky behaviors included smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, little consumption of fruit and vegetables and regular drinkingan average of three drinks per day for men, or two for women. When compared to people who had the most heal
5、thy habitsthose who never smoked, exercised at least two hours per week, ate plenty of fruits and vegetables and didn“t drink at all, or drank more moderately, those with all four bad habits had an increased risk of death equivalent to being 12 years older. In fact, the study authors say that compar
6、ed with practicing none of these bad habits, the combined effect of all four behaviors tripled or even quadrupled the risk of death. As the Associated Press points out: Overall, 314 people studied had all four unhealthy behaviors. Among them, 91 died during the study, or 29 percent. Among the 387 he
7、althiest people with none of the four habits, only 32 died, or about 8 percent. Of course, while these findings are stark, the notion that individual unhealthy behaviors can join forces to have a cumulatively negative impact is not new. Responding to the findings, Dr. Walter Willett, the chair of th
8、e Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, pointed out similar findings in the large scale Nurses“ Health Study. Still, Willet said that the simple, common sense steps that people can take to improve their overall health bear repeating, and studies that hammer home these corre
9、lations are indeed worthwhile. Referring to the new findings published this week, he wrote in an email to TIME, the “conclusions are profoundly important and worth replicating: healthy lifestyle practices that are modest and simplespecifically, not smoking, getting regular physical activity, eating
10、a good diet and avoiding excessive alcohol consumptioncan profoundly affect our chances of living to an old age.“（分数：10.00）(1).The word “grim“ (Para, 1) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.sustainableB.durableC.horribleD.detectable(2).The four risky behaviors will most probably cause _.（分数：2.00）A.an in
11、creased mortality riskB.an irreversible prematurityC.a rising death tollD.an unwholesome lifestyle(3).Figures in the statements of the Associated Press are to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.more than 25% of the people with all four unhealthy habits diedB.the cumulative effect of all four behaviors added to
12、death risksC.those with none of four unhealthy behaviors tend to live longerD.it“s easy to distinguish those with four bad habits from those without(4).According to Dr. Walter Willett, healthy lifestyle practices will most probably_.（分数：2.00）A.reduce combined impactB.be modestly repeatedC.be simple
13、common sensesD.make us live longer(5).Which of the following is true of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Maintaining exercises will increase our chances of living to an old age.B.The idea of combined effects of harmful behaviors is new to the public.C.Drinking will be detrimental to people“s overall health just
14、as smoking.D.Avoiding certain behaviors will improve people“s overall physical condition.During the next several weeks I went completely to the wolves. I took a tiny tent and set it up on the shore of bay. The big telescope was set up in the mouth of the tent in such a way that I could observe the w
15、olves by day or night Quite by accident I had pitched my tent within ten yards of one of the major paths used by the wolves. Shortly after I had taken up residence, one of the wolves came back and discovered me and my tent, but he did not stop or hesitate in his pace. Later, one or more wolves used
16、the track past my tent and never did they show the slightest interest in me. I felt uncomfortable at being so totally ignored. The next day I noticed a male wolf make boundary markers by passing water on the rounds of his family lands. Once I had become aware of the strong feeling of property rights
17、 which existed among the wolves, I decided to use this knowledge to make them at least recognize my existence. One evening, after they had gone off for their regular nightly hunt, I staked out a property claim of my own, including a long section of the wolves“ path. In order to ensure that my claim
18、would not be overlooked, I made a property mark on stones, dumps of moss, and patches of vegetation with a lot of tea. Before the hunters came back, task was done, and I retired, somewhat exhausted, to observe results.A few minutes later the leading male appeared. As usual he did not bother to glanc
19、e at the tent, but when he reached the point where my property line intersected the trail, he stopped as abruptly as if he had run into an invisible wall. Cautiously he extended his nose and sniffed at one of my marked bushes. After a minute of hesitation he backed away a few yards and sat down. The
20、n, he looked directly at the tent and at me. His glare seemed to become fiercer as I attempted to stare him down. The situation was becoming intolerable. To break the impasse I turned my back on the wolf. Then briskly, and with an air of decision, he turned his attention away from me and began a sys
21、tematic tour of the area. I had staked out as my own. As he came to each boundary marker he sniffed it once or twice, then carefully placed his mark on the outside of mine.（分数：10.00）(1).We can infer from this text that the author is most probably a_.（分数：2.00）A.hunterB.biologistC.journalistD.traveler
22、(2).Why did the wolves ignore the author“s presence?（分数：2.00）A.Because his tent was out of the wolves“ estate boundaries.B.Because the author has just arrived at the spot.C.Because the wolves were too busy to notice him.D.Because the wolves were afraid of strangers.(3).According to the text, which o
23、f the following is true of the wolves?（分数：2.00）A.The wolves do not start attacking humans unless irritated by humans.B.The wolves go hunting at night and go back to the dens at dawn.C.The wolves do not rely on their sight to recognize boundaries.D.The wolves mark their family boundaries by means of
24、water.(4).The phrase “break the impasse“ (Para. 5) is closest to the meaning “_“.（分数：2.00）A.avoid being attackedB.break the iceC.trigger hostilityD.draw attention(5).The author stakes out an area of his own mainly because he _.（分数：2.00）A.thought it better to be stared at than to be ignoredB.didn“t w
25、ant the wolves to use the track past his tentC.wanted the wolves to take notice of his existenceD.wanted to find out how fierce the wolfs glare wasIf you“re like most people, you“re way too smart for advertising. You flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is wha
26、t we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, author of the best seller Buyology and amarketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out
27、 is about to get a whole lot harder. Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity, pupil dilation, sweat responses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According
28、to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically, ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday so
29、unds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it. To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wired up his volunteers, then played them recordings of dozens of familiar sounds, from McDonald“s ubiquitous “I“m Lovin“ It“ jingle to birds chirping and cigarette
30、s being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the restboth in terms of interest and positive feelingswas a baby giggling. The other high-ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating cell phone, an ATM dispensing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful. In all of these cases, it did
31、n“t take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather, the sounds already had meaning and thus triggered a cascade of reactions: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation. “Cultural messages that get into your nervous
32、 system are very common and make you behave certain ways,“ says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits to being mystified by TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany t
33、hat with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occurs, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers aren“t the only ones who may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is
34、 consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, advertising _.（分数：2.00）A.is mainly seen in newspapers or onlineB.has little effect on most peopleC.is affected by economic situationD.has an impact hard to ignore(2).Lindstrom
35、“s studies imply that _.（分数：2.00）A.only sight is needed for understanding advertisingB.advertisers regard hearing as powerful as sightC.jingles and slogans can be very powerful in advertisingD.combining sight with hearing can make ads more powerful(3).According to Paragraph 3, which of the following
36、 sounds is the most powerful?（分数：2.00）A.McDonald“s “I“m Lovin“ It“ jingle.B.The sound of blowing open a door.C.The giggling sound of a baby.D.The hum of a vibrating cell phone.(4).To take advantage of sounds in advertising, it“s best to _.（分数：2.00）A.invent meaningful soundsB.use sounds already with
37、associationsC.bestow sounds with meaningD.play them repeatedly to gain meaning(5).The last paragraph indicates the meaning of a sound originates from _.（分数：2.00）A.cultural influencesB.advertisers“ reinforcementC.our nervous systemD.the sound itselfCambridge University closed down in the summer of 16
38、65 when the plague broke out. Newton, a student there, went home to Lincolnshire. He stayed home for two years while the disease ran its course in the area around London. The 23-year-old Newton spent that time studying and laying the foundations for his greatest work, the Principia. One day he sat t
39、hinking in his garden, when anapple fell. Then he realized that the direction the apple fell, along with every other object on this round earth, was always toward Earth“s center. It wasn“t just that the apple fell, but that it tried to go to Earth“s center. That was Newton“s eureka moment. He realiz
40、ed that Earth had drawn the apple to it. He realized that every object in the universe draws every other objectprobably in proportion to its mass. Newton didn“t publish his Principia until 20 years later. But he formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation (LUG) there in his Lincolnshire garden. He s
41、howed us that was true of planets and moons as well. Now enters a surprising character. The person who popularized the apple story was none other than the well-known French writer and philosopher Voltaire. Due to his outspoken views, in 1726 he was forcibly exiled to England where he spent the next
42、three years. Newton died in 1727 so Voltaire would have been familiar with the many discoveries made by him. Voltaire was also acquainted with Newton“s niece, Catherine Barton. Newton was a bachelor and she had agreed to manage his London home; therefore she would have been familiar with the apple s
43、tory, which she related to Voltaire. Voltaire sided with Newton in Newton“s bitter fights with Leibnitz. In Candide, Voltaire ridiculed Leibnitz. The character Dr. Pangloss, who went about insisting that we live in the “best of all possible worlds“, was Voltaire“s version of Leibnitz. We might chalk
44、 Voltaire“s apple story up to “partisan license“. But if you“ve ever done anything creative, you“ll recognize the plausibility of the apple story. You“ll remember your own moment when some small and commonplace event revealed a great truth to you. That“s the way creativity works.（分数：10.00）(1).Accord
45、ing to Paragraph 1, which of the following is true of Newton“s Principia?（分数：2.00）A.Newton was motivated to write the Principia after he saw the apple fell.B.The Law of Universal Gravitation was originally included in the Prineipia.C.Newton began to form the idea of the Principia when he was a colle
46、ge student.D.The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated long before the Principia.(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that when Voltaire was in England, _.（分数：2.00）A.he got to know Catherine BartonB.he popularized the apple storyC.he began to hear of Newton“s discoveriesD.he went through Newton“s dea
47、th(3).From Paragraph 3, we can infer that Dr. Pangloss is _.（分数：2.00）A.one of Leibnitz“s followersB.a fictional figure in Voltaire“s bookC.the penname of LeibnitzD.Voltaire“s enemy(4).According to the author, the apple story is _.（分数：2.00）A.fabricatedB.ridiculousC.authenticD.reasonable(5).The most a
48、ppropriate title for this text could be _.（分数：2.00）A.Voltaire and the Apple StoryB.Voltaire and NewtonC.The Controversy on the Apple StoryD.Newton and the Apple StoryMan is bom free but is everywhere in debt. In the rich world, getting hold of your first credit card is a rite of passage far more imp
49、ortant for your daily life than casting your first vote. Buying your first home normally requires taking on a debt several times the size of your annual income. And even if you shun the temptation of borrowing to indulge yourself, you are still saddled with yourportion of the national debt. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s a rise in debt levels accompani
