1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 29 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_【F1】 Water pollution involves the release into lakes, s
2、treams, rivers, and oceans of substances that become dissolved or suspended in the water or deposited upon the bottom and accumulate to the extent that they interfere with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat, as in the
3、 case of thermal pollution. Any body of water has the capacity to absorb, break down, or recycle introduced materials.【F2】 Under normal circumstances, inorganic substances are widely dispersed and have little or no effect on life within the bodies of water into which they are released; organic mater
4、ials are broken down by bacteria or other organisms and converted into a form in which they are useful to aquatic life. But, if the capacity of a body of water to dissolve, disperse, or recycle is exceeded, all additional substances or forms of energy become pollutants.【F3】 Thus, thermal pollution,
5、which is usually caused by the discharge of water that has been used as a coolant in fossil-fueled or nuclear-power plants, can favour a diversity of aquatic life in waters that would otherwise be too cold. In a warmer body of water, however, the addition of heat changes its characteristics and may
6、make it less suited to species that are considered desirable. Pollution may begin as water moves through the air, if the air is polluted. Soil erosion adds silt as a pollutant. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other materials on watershed lands is an additional factor contributing to
7、water pollution. The,runoff from septic tanks and the outflow of manures from livestock feedlots along the watershed are sources of organic pollutants. Industries located along waterways downstream contribute a number of chemical pollutants, some of which are toxic if present in any concentration. F
8、inally, cities and towns contribute their loads of sewage and other urban wastes.【F4】 Thus,a community far upstream in a watershed may receive relatively clean water, whereas one farther downstream receives a partly diluted mixture of urban, industrial, and rural wastes. The cost of cleaning and pur
9、ifying this water for community use may be high, and the process may be only partially effective. 【F5】 To add to the problem, the cities and towns in the lower, or downstream, regions of the river basin contribute additional wastes that flow into estuaries, creating new pollution problems.（分数：10.00）
10、(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 The agricultural sciences deal with the challenges of food and fibre production and processing. They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and th
11、e processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use. Food is the most basic human need.【F2】 The domestication and cultivation of plants and animals beginning almost 10,000 years ago were aimed at ensuring that this need was met, and then as now these activities also fit with the
12、relentless human drive to understand and control the Earth “s biosphere. Over the last century and a half, many of the world“s political leaders have recognized what India“s Jawaharlal Nehru did, that “Most things except agriculture can wait. “ Scientific methods have been applied widely, and the re
13、sults have revolutionized agricultural production. Under the conditions of prescientific agriculture, in a good harvest year, six people can produce barely enough food for themselves and four others. Advanced technologies have made it possible for one farmer in the United States, for example, to pro
14、duce food for more than 100 people.【F3】 The farmer has been enabled to increase yields per acre and per animal; reduce losses from diseases, pests, and spoilage; and augment net production by improved processing methods. Until the 1930s, the benefits of agricultural research derived mostly from labo
15、ur-saving inventions. Once the yield potentials of the major economic crops were increased through agricultural research, however, crop production per acre increased dramatically.【F4】 Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybean
16、s doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10-fold as capital was substituted for labour. 【F5】 New techniques of preserving food products made it possible to transport them over greater distances, in turn facilitating adjustments among locations of production and consumption,
17、with further benefits to production efficiency . From a global perspective, the international flow of agricultural technology allows for the increase of agricultural productivity in developed and developing countries alike. From 1965 to 1985, for example, world trade in grains tripled, as did net ex
18、ports from the United States. In fact, by the 1980s more than two-fifths of U. S. crop production was exported, making U. S. agriculture heavily dependent upon international markets.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 To explain wh
19、y some countries grow more rapidly than others or why a country may grow more rapidly during one period of history than another, economists have found it convenient to think in terms of a “production function“. This is a mathematical way of relating some measure of output, such as GNP, to the inputs
20、 required to produce it. For example, it is possible to relate GNP to the size of the labour force measured in man-hours, to capital stock measured in dollars, and to various other inputs that are considered important. An equation can be written that states that the rate of growth of GNP depends upo
21、n the rates of growth of the labour force, the capital stock, and other variables.【F2】 A common procedure is to assume that the influence of the separate inputs is additivei. e. , that the increase in the growth of output caused by increasing the rate of growth of, say, capital is independent of the
22、 rate of growth of the labour force. This is the starting point of a great deal of current empirical work that attempts to quantify the importance of different inputs. 【F3】 Under certain assumptions, some reasonable and some patently false, it is possible to conclude that what labour and capital rec
23、eive in the form of wages, profits, and interest is a fair measure of what they contribute to the productive process. Thus in the United States in the period following World War II the share of output going to labour was approximately 79 percent, while the share of output distributed as “profits“ wa
24、s 21 percent.【F4】 If we assume that these proportions determine how much we should weight the rate of growth of the labour force and of capital respectively in determining their contribution to the rate of growth of output, we must conclude that the relative contribution of capital is slight. 【F5】 A
25、lternatively,we may say that some given percentage increase in the rate of growth of the labour force will have a much larger influence on the rate of growth of output than the same percentage increase in the rate of growth of capital. This is a puzzling result and can be traced to the assumption th
26、at the influence of separate inputs is additive.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Many scientists consider physics as the prototype of a science, and indeed, physics exhibits a number of features which can be regarded as highly desira
27、ble. 【F1】 For example, the phenomenon it deals with can be described in precise terms and the relevant variables quantitatively measured; an enormous variety of phenomena may be explained by means of a few fundamental laws, which are formulated in mathematical terms and allow physicists to make quan
28、titative predictions. It is therefore of particular interest to discuss what kind of assessment is used within the physical sciences. At the same time, the historical development of physics has taught us to exercise caution with respect to the goals which we may achieve.【F2】 Though we are inclined t
29、o believe that the laws of physics are fundamental, their development has shown that even such laws may be applicable only to certain classes of phenomena. When more refined measurements are made, phenomena may appear whose explanation requires still more basic laws. Examples are the laws of classic
30、al mechanics, which at the atomic level had to be replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics.【F3】 Mechanics valid for particles at comparatively small speeds had to be replaced by the theory of relativity for particles at speeds coming close to that of light. The belief in complete predictability has
31、 been shaken twice. First, around 1925 with the advent of quantum mechanics, it became clear that at the microscopic, atomic level events cannot be predicted with absolute precision.【F4】 However, at the macroscopic dimension of our daily life these “statistical“ effects are wiped out, and we can saf
32、ely predict the path of a rocket sent to the Moon or to Jupiter. But it has recently become clear that even in macroscopic physics some phenomena cannot be predicted with a certain precisionwhich sheds new light on the limits of weather forecasting. The corresponding phenomena are called “determinis
33、tic chaos“ and are the subject of research of new branches of theoretical physics(and mathematics). Finally, we must not overlook that, as in any other science, there are certain trends or “fashions“ which play a temporary role in the development of physics. Such fashions are typical of cooperative
34、effects in the scientific community. For example, dispersion relations in high-energy physics were in vogue in this field for a while, but today few are concerned with the approach. In spite of these remarks, physics still possesses an enormous degree of precision. Even if a single event cannot be p
35、redicted with absolute precision, it is still possible to make statistical predictions which can be checked by repeating the corresponding experiment.【F5】 This possibility distinguishes physics from the historical sciences, where the course of events can never be repeated. It might be worth mentioni
36、ng that events in our brain can never be totally repeated, due to memory and to learning.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（阅读）-试卷 29 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehensio
37、n（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：【F1】 Water pollution involves the release into lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans of substances that become dissolved or suspended in the water or deposited upon
38、 the bottom and accumulate to the extent that they interfere with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat, as in the case of thermal pollution. Any body of water has the capacity to absorb, break down, or recycle introduce
39、d materials.【F2】 Under normal circumstances, inorganic substances are widely dispersed and have little or no effect on life within the bodies of water into which they are released; organic materials are broken down by bacteria or other organisms and converted into a form in which they are useful to
40、aquatic life. But, if the capacity of a body of water to dissolve, disperse, or recycle is exceeded, all additional substances or forms of energy become pollutants.【F3】 Thus, thermal pollution, which is usually caused by the discharge of water that has been used as a coolant in fossil-fueled or nucl
41、ear-power plants, can favour a diversity of aquatic life in waters that would otherwise be too cold. In a warmer body of water, however, the addition of heat changes its characteristics and may make it less suited to species that are considered desirable. Pollution may begin as water moves through t
42、he air, if the air is polluted. Soil erosion adds silt as a pollutant. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other materials on watershed lands is an additional factor contributing to water pollution. The,runoff from septic tanks and the outflow of manures from livestock feedlots along the watershed are sources of organic pollutants. Industries located along waterways downstream contribute a number of chemical pollutants, some of which are toxic if present in any concentration. Finally, cities and towns contribute their loads of sewage and other
