1、中医综合-中医诊断学(十一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were no
2、t depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk
3、group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex(背侧前扣带皮质), which is believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.The high-risk girls d
4、id have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.“Considered together with reduce
5、d activation in the striate(纹状体的)areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) , “ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his coll
6、eagues. “ (17) , hmgitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression,“ they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（分数
7、：10.00）(1).A consisted B concluded C embodied D included（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A experienced B undertook C subjected D experimented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A personal B unique C private D single（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A explorations B examinations C detections D scans（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A result from B resu
8、lt in C stem from D reside in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Worked B Regarded C Combined D Compared（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).Astronger B weaker C lower D higher（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A Directly B Hardly C Specifically D Initially（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A movement B sign C symbol D activation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A re
9、inforeing B improving C weakening D slacking（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A why B when C wherever D whereas（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A processing B counting C employing D implying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A after B among C with D during（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A repaired B impaired C healed D damaged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(
10、15).A because B and C hence D chough（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A anecdote B time C episode D process（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A Clearly B Skeptically C Nonetheless D However（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A carried B observed C affeeted D suffered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A criticisms B punishments C rewards D allowances（
11、分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A subsequent B inadequate C sequential D frequent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main compe
12、titor MySpace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the websites ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th
13、 in U.S.The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook
14、uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device tha
15、t leads the site to refer to individual users as “they“ or “themself.“ “Weve gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles,“ Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company sta
16、tement.In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun “they.“ That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. “People who havent selected what sex they are frequently get
17、 defaulted to the wrong sex,“ Gleit wrote.Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrai
18、ned.The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can
19、 remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. “Weve received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting,“ Gleit said.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “traffic“ (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?A The number of visits to a certain websit
20、e.B The change of website rankings.C The amount of profit a website able to generate annually.D The trend in communication industry.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which one of the following is true about Facebook?A The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way.B Registered users profiles are open
21、to anyone on the internet.C Only friends and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles.D The website is in English only since English is a universal language now.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).From the passage, we know that Facebook is now faced with the problem that _.A less and less people ar
22、e paying visits to itB people are cheating about their real gender on itC it is difficult to tell whether an user is male or femaleD users are using impropriate language there（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the passage, we know that in some other language than English, _.A there is no difference between m
23、ale and female in pronounsB it is very rude to ask about the gender question on internetC even plural form of pronouns have gender tendenciesD the singular form and plural form is the same（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following is true under the new regulations of Facebook?A The users are en
24、couraged to include their gender information in their extended profiles.B Only the new registrations are influenced by this new regulation.C Users can still choose not to specify their gender.D Everyone is welcoming this new regulation since it brings ahout clarity and convenience.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五
25、、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in
26、elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects.Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of
27、 the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology.At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to d
28、emonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior.“The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying,“ Orlans said.Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers policy change and the im
29、pression it has created. “The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Orlans,“ said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. “Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students inquisitiveness,“ he
30、 said.Grafton said he wouldnt deny that there hasnt been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply wit
31、h the international fairs rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said.He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change.The teachers a
32、dopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation-in states including Missouri and New York that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals.Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they dont know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many
33、 biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better an
34、imal care to its members.（分数：10.00）(1).The title which best expresses the content of the text isA Science Teachers to Ban Testing Harmful to Animals.B Teachers Policy Change in Experiment on Animals.C The New Policies of Banning Harmful Experiments to Animals.D The Importance of Prohibiting Harmful
35、Experiments on Animals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, animal welfare groups have succeeded inA stopping all animal abuse in schools.B establishing guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals.C protecting animals from being experimented with in extracurricular projects.D pe
36、rsuading two national science teachers associations to adopt an animal protection policy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Thurman Grafton suggests thatA animal abuse is horrible and should be terminated.B the teachers have been compelled to do all animal experiments.C prohibition of experiments on animals will
37、discourage students from being curious.D the international science and Engineering Fair will cease to operate because of the new policies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be learned from the text that the teachers ban harmful experiments to animals in order toA maintain ecological balance.B please animal
38、 welfare groups.C get financial support from their sponsors.D protect necessary harmless experiments on animals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It is suggested toward the end of the text thatA the seriousness of animal abuse in the classroom is unknown.B training teachers in animal care may contribute to reduc
39、ing animal abuse.C fewer animals have been used in experiments in recent years.D many biology teachers are not trained in proper care of animal.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of rese
40、arch showing that senior women professors in the institutes school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One study conducted in Sweden, of all places-showed that fem
41、ale medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.Sara Connoll
42、y, a researcher at the University of East Anglias school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7 000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this years meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pa
43、y gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around 1 500 ($ 2850 ) a year.That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of mens and womens lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women
44、taking “career breaks“ to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy, Male professors, for example, earn over 4 000 a year more than femal
45、e ones.To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall
46、 pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantia123% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination.Besides pay, her study also looked at the “glass-ceiling“ effect-namely that at all stages of a woman s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between
47、postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair:Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men d
48、o more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies, Dr. Connollys compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic re
49、searchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise, in other words, delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia do
