1、中医综合-中医诊断学(九)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not
2、 depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment. (6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk
3、group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have
4、 greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced acti
5、vation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ,“ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagu
6、es. “ (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression,“ they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（分数：10
7、.00）(1).A embodied B included C concluded D consisted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A experienced B undertook C subjected D experimented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).a personal B unique C private D single（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A explorations B examinations C detections D scans（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A result from B suppose
8、 to C result in D lead in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Made B Regarded C Insisted D Compared（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A stronger B weaker C lower D higher（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A Directly B Hardly C Specifically D Initially（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A movement B sign C symbol D activation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A reinfor
9、cing B improving C weakening D slacking（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A why B when C wherever D whereas（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A processing B counting C employing D implying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A after B among C with D during（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A repaired B impaired C healed D damaged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A
10、 because B and C hence D although（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A anecdote B time C episode D process（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A Clearly B Skeptically C Nonetheless D However（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A carried B observed C effected D suffered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A criticisms B punishments C rewards D allowances（分数：
11、0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A subsequent B inadequate C sequential D frequent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of “ecocide
12、“ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following. A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be st
13、ored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 peo
14、ple. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties.In 1972 the .U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been dela
15、yed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40-70 percent had X-ray
16、 evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. “We are now, in fact, finding cancer
17、deaths within the family of the asbestos worker,“ states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York.It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the hi
18、story of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the “Watergate cover- up. “ “There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists an
19、d by regulatory authorities,“ summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the “safe limit
20、“ imposed by Dow Chemical Company.（分数：10.00）(1).By “ecocide“ the author most probably meansA waste utilization.B ecological balance.C radioactive reaction.D massive bio-destruction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, the author mentions plutonium in paragraph 1 toA estimate the amount of nuc
21、lear material in Europe.B exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer.C highlight the measures needed to prevent lung cancer.D show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The style of the second paragraph is mainlyA factual.B sarcastic.C emotional.D arg
22、umentative.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in thatA production could not be halted.B they failed to take safety measures.C research was not pursued to a solution.D safety equipment was not adequately provided.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It
23、can be inferred from the text that the author believes thatA nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancer.B tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals.C more research is required into the causes of cancer before further prog
24、ress can be made.D industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancer-causing agents.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the early days of the internet, the idea that it represented an entirely new and separate realm, distinct from the real world, was seized upon by bo
25、th advocates and critics of the new technology. Advocates liked the idea that the virtual world was a placeless datasphere, liberated from constraints and restrictions of the real world, and an opportunity for a fresh start. For instance, John Perry Barlow, an internet activist, issued the “Declarat
26、ion of the Independence of Cyberspace“ in February 1996. He thundered, “Governments of the industrial world, I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders. We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic
27、 power, military force, or station of birth.“Where Mr. Barlow and other cyber-Utopians found the separation between the real and virtual worlds exciting, however, critics regarded it as a cause for concern. They worried that people were spending too much time online, communicating with people they h
28、ad never even met in person in chat rooms, virtual game worlds and, more recently, on social-networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. A study carried out by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society in 2000, for example, found that heavy internet users spent less time talkin
29、g to friends and family, and warned that the internet could be “the ultimate isolating technology“.Both groups were wrong, of course. The internet has not turned out to be a thing apart. Unpleasant aspects of the real world, such as taxes, censorship, crime and fraud are now features of the virtual
30、world, too. Garners who make real money selling swords, gold and other items in virtual game worlds may now find that the tax man wants to know about it. Designers of virtual objects in Second Life, an online virtual world, are resorting to real-world lawsuits in order to protect their intellectual
31、property.At the same time, however, some of the most exciting uses of the internet rely on coupling it with the real world. Social networking allows people to stay in touch with their friends online, and plan social activities in the real world. The distinction between online and offline chatter cea
32、ses to matter. Or consider Google Earth, which puts satellite images of the whole world on your desktop and allows users to link online data with specific physical locations.All these approaches treat the internet as an extension or an attachment to the physical world, not a separate space. Rather t
33、han seeing the real and virtual realms as distinct and conflicting, in short, it makes sense to see them as complementary and connected. The resulting fusion is not what the Utopians or the critics foresaw, but it suits the rest of us just fine.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, interne
34、t advocates believed that_.A the internet stood for progress of the technologyB virtual realm was a world without boundariesC cyberspace liberated the real worldD cyberspace could be entered by anyone for free（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why is John Perry Barlow mentioned in Paragraph 1?A To criticize gover
35、nments of industrial countries.B To show the influence of the internet.C To advocate the equality for all.D To illustrate the advocates favor to cyberspace.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage suggests that critics of the new technology_.A were concerned about the separation of people from the real worl
36、dB worried that friends would never meet in personC were concerned that people were too engaged in social networksD would believe the internet could isolate people online（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that_.A virtual world is free from the dark sides of the real worldB ther
37、e is no difference between chatting online and offline nowC peoples activities online can also affect their real world activitiesD people who make real money in virtual games have to pay taxes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the passage we can find that the author_.A supports both advocates and critics of
38、the internetB believes that the real and virtual worlds are interdependentC is opposed to the fusion of the internet with the physical worldD argues that real and virtual worlds are distinct and conflicting（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Prince Klemens Von Metternich, foreign minister of th
39、e Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic era and its aftermath, would have no trouble recognizing Google. To him, the worlds most popular web-search engine would closely resemble the Napoleonic France that in his youth humiliated Austria and Europes other powers. Its rivals-Yahoo !, the largest of th
40、e traditional web gateways, eBay, the biggest online auction and trading site, and Microsoft, a software empire that owns MSN, a struggling web portal-would look a lot like Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Metternich responded by forging an alliance among those three monarchies to create a “balance of
41、power“ against France. Googles enemies, he might say, ought now to do the same thing.Google announced two new conquests on August 7th. It struck a deal with Viacom, an “old“ media firm, under which it will syndicate video clips from Viacom brands such as MTV and Nickelodeon to other websites, and in
42、tegrate advertisements into them. This makes Google the clear leader in the fledgling but promising market for web-video advertising. It also announced a deal with News Corporation, another media giant, under which it will provide all the search and text-advertising technology on News Corporations w
43、ebsites, including MySpace, an enormously popular social-networking site.These are hard blows for Yahoo! and MSN, which had also been negotiating with News Corporation. Both firms have been losing market share in web search to Google over the past year-Google now has half the market. They have also
44、fallen further behind in their advertising technologies and networks, so that both make less money than Google does from the same number of searches. Sara Rashtchy, an analyst at Piper Jaffray, a securities firm, estimates that for every advertising dollar that Google makes on a search query, Yahoo!
45、 makes only 60-70 cents. Last month Yahoo! said that a new advertising algorithm that it had designed to close the gap in profitability will be delayed, and its share price fell by 22% , its biggest-ever one-day drop.MSN is further behind Google than Yahoo! in search, and its parent, Microsoft, face
46、s an even more fundamental threat from the expansionist new power. Many of Googles new ventures beyond web search enable users to do things free of charge through their web browsers that they now do using Microsoft software on their personal computers. Google offers a rudimentary but free online wor
47、d processor and spreadsheet, for instance.The smaller eBay, on the other hand, might in one sense claim Google as an ally. Googles search results send a lot of traffic to eBays auction site, and eBay is one of the biggest advertisers on Googles network. But the relationship is imbalanced. An influen
48、tial recent study from Berkeleys Haas School of Business estimated that about 12% of eBays revenues come indirectly from Google, whereas Google gets only 3% of its revenues from eBay. Worst of all for eBay, Google is starting to undercut its core business. Sellers are setting up their own websites a
49、nd buying text advertisements from Google, and buyers are using its search rather than eBay to connect with sellers directly. As a result, “eBay would be wise to strike a deep partnership with Yahoo ! or Microsoft in order to regain a balance of power in the industry,“ said the studys authors, Julien Decor and Steve
