1、武汉大学考博英语-12 及答案解析(总分：71.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：31.00)Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court“s ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhe
2、lmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most .selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education“s Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “We“r
3、e talking about admission programs, scholarships, any program only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,“ says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group. Others say they“ll take th
4、eir case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,“ says University of California regent Ward Connerly, who helped win voter approval of California“s Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that la
5、w, Monday“s ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,“ Connerly said Monday. Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushes stance opposing affirmative
6、action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions“. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O“Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lesso
7、ns in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admission officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate“, says Arthur Coleman
8、, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies. The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is importan
9、t for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practic
10、e than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday“s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds. For now, admission officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admi
11、ssion policies, many say they don“t expect significant changes.（分数：7.50）(1).What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that _.（分数：1.50）A.no admission policies based on race should be implementedB.minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC.different standards
12、for admitting minority students should be set upD.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discrimin-atory policies(2).Connerly insists that the Court“s ruling should _.（分数：1.50）A.win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB.be Contested by the Michigan vo
13、ters with an opinion pollC.be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD.produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted(3).What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?（分数：1.50）A.NeutralityB.ObjectionC.ApprovalD.Indifference(4)
14、.Which of the following is true about affirmative action according to the text?（分数：1.50）A.A vast majority of people support itB.The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policyC.The minority students are more likely to welcome itD.The Court“s decision will certainly change people“s attitude to
15、it(5).It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to _.（分数：1.50）A.ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB.adapt the Supreme Court“s ruling to college situationsC.formulate the right policies for college admissionsD.discourag
16、e the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsGeorge Mason must rank with John Adams and James Madison as one of the three Founding Fathers who left their personal imprint on the fundamental law of the United States. He was the principal author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, w
17、hich because of its early formation greatly influenced other state constitutions framed during the Revolution and, through them, the Federal Bill of Rights of 1791. Yet Mason was essentially a private person with very little inclination for public office or the ordinary operation of politics beyond
18、the country level. His appearances in the Virginia colonial and state legislatures were relatively brief, and not until 1787 did he consent to represent his state at a continental or national congress or convention. Polities was never more than a means for Mason. He was at all times a man of public
19、spirit, but politics was never a way of life, never for long his central concern. It took a revolution to pry him away from home and family at Gunston Hall, mobilize his skill and energy for constitutional construction, and transform him, in one brief moment of brilliant leadership, into a statesman
20、 whose work would endure to influence the lives and fortunes of those “millions yet unborn“ of whom he and his generation of Americans spoke so frequently and thought so constantly.（分数：8.00）(1).The author ascribes importance to the Virginia Declaration of Rights primarily because _.（分数：2.00）A.Mason
21、was its principal authorB.it was later adopted as the Federal Bill of RightsC.through wide circulation it influenced the writing of other state constitutions during the RevolutionD.through other state constitutions it eventually influenced the writing of the Federal Bill of Rights(2).The passage ind
22、icates that, for Mason, political activities were _.（分数：2.00）A.undertaken only when absolutely necessaryB.a fundamental and lifelong preoccupationC.something he successfully avoided throughout his lifeD.something to which he always wished to devote more time and attention(3).The author indicates tha
23、t Mason“s brilliant leadership ability _.（分数：2.00）A.was exercised throughout his lifeB.has been recognized only by the generations that followed himC.was less important historically than his brilliance as a lawyerD.emerged powerfully, but for a brief time only(4).The author seems to be especially im
24、pressed by the fact that _.（分数：2.00）A.Mason, a responsible citizen, resisted for so long the obligation to represent his state in politicsB.Mason, having so little political inclination, turned out to be such an influential statesmanC.Mason was willing to leave home and family for public serviceD.Ma
25、son could be a devoted family man and a statesman at the same timeAnd researchers say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need. Nearly 19 in 20 never-married res
26、pondents to a national survey agree that “when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost“, according to the State of Our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday by Rutgers University. David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study“s authors, said that view migh
27、t spell doom for marriages. “It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is,“ Popenoe said. “The standard becomes so high, it“s not easy to bail out if you didn“t find a soul mate.“ The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the instituti
28、on of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments. The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by same-sex friends. The authors of the study also suggest that the generation that was
29、polled may more quickly leave a margin because of infidelity than past generations. Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone b
30、etween January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points. Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it“s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marr
31、iages won“t end in divorce. Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static. But scholars say the search for soul mates has increased over the last generation-and the last century-as marriage has become an institu
32、tion centering on romance rather than utility. “one hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons,“ said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. “And most people had children.“ Those conditions are no lo
33、nger the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year-old waiter in a Trenton cafe who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he“s ready to exchange vows. “I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons,“ he said. “Maybe if you“re going to have childr
34、en, marriage is the best bet.“ But the main reason for matrimony: “If you“re in love with someone, it“s sort of like promising to them you are in love.“ “That“s all well and good,“ said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North C
35、arolina at Greensboro. “But passion-partly in endorphin- caused physiological phenomenon-has been known to diminish in time.“（分数：7.50）(1).What“s the best title of this passage?（分数：1.50）A.Marriage Scholars Worry Search for “Soul Mates“ is UnrealisticB.People Should Seek for Romeo and JulietC.Marriage
36、 Should Happen between Soul MatesD.Search for “soul Mates“ Should be Superseded by Reality(2).The new study in this passage shows that_.（分数：1.50）A.many Americans are very practical when they search for a spouseB.American 20-somethings have a largely romantic view of marriageC.Romantic view of marria
37、ge might lead marriage to a happy endingD.Americans are fond of marriage life so they will not care cohabitation(3).It can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding marriage?（分数：1.50）A.It usually involves idealized mates who can serve their
38、every physical and emotional needB.It may not be realized unless the couple consider carefully about their responsibility and commitmentC.It becomes more unrealistic nowadays than in the past because most people center on romance instead of utilityD.It results from many reasons such as financial rea
39、sons, family reunion, and political reasons(4).Which of the following is not one of the differences between this generation and the past generations as far as marriage is concerned?（分数：1.50）A.The young people nowadays require more from marriage but they seem not to be willing to make necessary commi
40、tmentsB.This generation expects too much from their spouses and they cannot keep to be faithful to their husbands or wivesC.The young people at present pay more attention to look for soul mates than the past generations when they search for partnersD.Now some young people usually marry for the same
41、reasons as the older generations such as financial one and children(5).Which of the following sentences will Heather Helms-Erikon use to illustrate her own argument?（分数：1.50）A.“Ten years into a marriage, you will still have great passion and you notice someone else and say, “only my wife or husband
42、is my soul mateB.“The romantic part of marriage-while it can be there-should not be substituted by other things such as shared values and social statusC.“The couple should focus on the“ three Cs“-communication, conflict resolution and commitment-to make marriage the first priorityD.“Ten years into a
43、 marriage, you don“t have that any more and you notice someone else and think, “Maybe this person is my soul mateIn her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McGuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments. But the instructor at US“s Louisiana State University in
44、 Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day. “I kid you not, the number of errors that I“ve seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,“ she said. Experts say email and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spe
45、lling and sentence structure. They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates. “They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),“ said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C. “They didn“t necessarily write a little bette
46、r, but at least they felt guilty.“ Ironically, Baron“s latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It“s Heading,“ became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book“s title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over th
47、is,“ she said. “And now they just say “whatever“.“ “Whatever“ describes Jeanette Henderson“s attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,“ she said. But the famil
48、y and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won“t mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They“re not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,“ Henderson said. LSU“s McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit their purpose. She
49、emphasizes that there“s the informal language of an email to a friend, but there“s also the well thought out and structured academic or professional style of writing. It“s not just email and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits. Society as a whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There“s also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adults do. English language has been negle
