1、武汉大学考博英语-5 及答案解析(总分：100.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：6，分数：40.50)All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain. The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of th
2、e year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain. Between these basic studies of brain function and real-life situations there is still a considerab
3、le gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic-as with typing, for instance. It requires intense concentration and rep
4、etition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist“s fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of aro
5、usal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes. Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. T
6、his sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise a
7、rousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sheep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammat
8、ical reasoning as well.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the brain flow studies, problem solving _.（分数：1.50）A.increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB.causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC.demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD.is based on the ability to recite
9、the time(2).The author believes that _.（分数：1.50）A.the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed b
10、y proper reasoningD.the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced(3).When a typist gets tired, _.（分数：1.50）A.she has to try hard to raise her automaticB.she can type only automaticallyC.she cannot think about what she is doingD.she can seldom type automaticall
11、y(4).Examining bottles of wine is hard work because _.（分数：1.50）A.the bottle must be held upside downB.it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC.it requires high level of automaticD.most bottles are all right(5).According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is _.（分数：1.50）A.the su
12、bject“s knowledge of grammarB.the amount of sleep the subject has hadC.the level of arousal of the subjectD.the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self- exposure and failing to appeal to the audience co
13、me a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds. Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of fallin
14、g in the most public of ways. Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect. In
15、fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself. Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having
16、 carefully rehearsed, written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true. Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards
17、, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you“ve been cheated. Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana“s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. A script rarely works and it is used to help most speakers. But, being yourself
18、 doesn“t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience. I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head
19、. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it. The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self- consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow“
20、, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.（分数：8.00）(1).Women hate public speaking most mainly because of _.（分数：2.00）A.their upbringing very early onB.their inability to appeal to the audienceC.their sense of greater public pressureD.their sense of greater humiliation(2).Which of the following i
21、s NOT the author“s viewpoint?（分数：2.00）A.Acting like performers spoils the message in a speechB.Perfection of scripts is necessary in making good impressionsC.Acting naturally means less dependence on the prepared scriptD.There should be a balance between actual acting and acting naturally(3).What is
22、 the author“s view on personality?（分数：2.00）A.Personality is the key to success in public speakingB.Extroverts are better public speakersC.Introverts have to learn harder to be good speakersD.Factors other than personality ensure better performance(4).In the last paragraph the author recommends that
23、_.（分数：2.00）A.you forget about your nervousnessB.you feel natural and speak naturallyC.you may feel nervous, but appear naturallyD.you may imagine yourself to be natural1._ any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.（
24、分数：1.00）A.Take the most ofB.Keep the most ofC.Have the most ofD.Make the most ofPeople appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning
25、 to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silver
26、ware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serius problems of intellectual adjustm
27、ent. Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped-or, as the case might be bumped into- concepts that adults take for g
28、ranted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coax
29、ed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers-the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threenes that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite
30、 for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-is itself far from innate.（分数：8.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.Trends in teaching mathematics to childrenB.The use of mathematics in child psychologyC.The development of mathematical ability in childrenD.T
31、he fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn(2).It con be inferred from the passage that children onrmally learn simple counting _.（分数：2.00）A.soon after they learn to talkB.by looking at the clockC.when they begin to be mathematically matureD.after they reach the second grade in s
32、chool(3).The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different _.（分数：2.00）A.colorB.qualityC.weightD.shape(4).With which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.Children natu
33、rally and easily learn mathematicsB.Children learn to add before they learn to subtractC.Most people follow the same pattern of mathematical developmentD.Mathematical development is subtle and gradualWar has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtual
34、ly every square yard of the earth“s surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far
35、 outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the abse
36、nce of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benef
37、its of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays. Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and
38、 women settled in cities and thereby became “civilized“, but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the def
39、eated. Equally important was human labor-control over people as slaves or levies for the victor“s army, and there was the productive capacity-agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power
40、 gained over others created pride and national self-esteem. War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.（分数：8.00）(
41、1).The author most likely places the word “civilized” in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to _.（分数：2.00）A.show dissatisfaction at not having found a better wordB.acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another sourceC.express irony that war should be a part of civilizationD.raise a ques
42、tion about the value of war in modernized society(2).According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be _.（分数：2.00）A.a valid tool of national policyB.an immoral act of aggressionC.economically wasteful and socially unfeasibleD.restricted in scope to military participants
43、(3).The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.possibility of material gainB.total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territoryC.potential for increasing the security of the nationD.desire to capture pr
44、oductive farming lands(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as _.（分数：2.00）A.outraged and indignantB.scientific and detachedC.humorous and wryD.concerned and optimisticOver the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering the
45、ir own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses“ pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests
46、 as their shareholders. These reforms have been widely adopted by America“s larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week
47、suggest not. Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss“s friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found t
48、hat bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders. All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, “independent“ boards pursue strategies that are likely to f
49、avor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance. To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher“s big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes a
