1、大学六级-190 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “If you listen to your fears, you will die never knowing what a great person you might have been.“ You can cite examples to illustrate
2、 your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. （分数：106.50）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：4，分数：106.50)（分数：35.50）A.The woman can bargain for lower prices.B.The woman should wait for the discount.C.The woman may buy cheaper books at the flea market.D.T
3、he woman may borrow books from the library.A.Only hard work can contribute to success.B.Young people should not be ambitious.C.Entertainment programs bring bad effects.D.Young people should have big dreams.A.Move out of the campus.B.Live on campus.C.Move near the campus.D.Live in downtown.A.The woma
4、n is sure to do well in her job.B.The woman should take the job first.C.The woman should work hard on the job.D.The woman should like the job first.A.The man knows nothing about psychology.B.The man used to skip psychology classes.C.The man is making up a missed lesson.D.The man needn“t worry about
5、the exam.（分数：21.30）A.Do more physical activities.B.Stay at home whenever possible.C.Care more about her health.D.Move to other places.A.The approaches to dealing with crimes.B.The rise of crime rate recently.C.The news about crime prevention.D.The efforts to prevent crimes.A.Business partners.B.Inti
6、mate friends.C.Interviewer and interviewee.D.Secretary and boss.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.It prevents people from going bankrupt.B.It saves money in case of medical problems.C.It keeps people away from illness or injury.D.It raises money for tho
7、se sick or injured.A.Spend more money on it.B.Consider her economic conditions.C.Consult an expert in insurance policies.D.Examine the policies carefully.A.Their service quality.B.Their cost.C.Their contents.D.Their validity period.A.It is illegal to drive an uninsured car.B.There are too many cars
8、in the US.C.An uninsured car won“t get compensation.D.Cars are likely to be involved in accidents.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.She is in bad condition.B.She thinks they are unhealthy.C.She wants to lose weight.D.She doesn“t like snacks.A.He was fa
9、scinated with it.B.He tried to prove it was bad for health.C.He wanted to know its effect on health.D.He was chosen for an experiment.A.She developed health problems.B.She lost the weight gained recently.C.She stopped eating fast food.D.She ate less packaged snacks.四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passag
10、e One(总题数：1，分数：28.40)Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：28.40）A.Both chances and challenges.B.More challenges than chances.C.Historic changes of lifestyle.D.Inequity of social distribution.A.Urbanization empowers women in a way.B.People in cities share more resource
11、s.C.Social inequalities result in family violence.D.Differences in wealth worsen social inequalities.A.Giving equal rights to women.B.Making full use of the existing spaces.C.Encouraging more people to move to cities.D.Educating and training people in cities.A.Urban farming is relatively easy.B.Urba
12、nization promotes the demand for farm products.C.People in cities can get more green products.D.Rural farms are getting smaller.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：21.30)Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.They are more likely to hold promising careers.B.They earn more as
13、 lawyers and doctors.C.They hold more top positions in some fields.D.They outnumber young men in terms of college degrees.A.More men than women earned doctorates.B.More men went to graduate schools.C.More students from the US entered graduate schools.D.The number of new international students increa
14、sed.A.More students are competing for college degrees.B.Education determines the future of a country.C.Students abroad are working harder.D.The US wants to attract more international students.七、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：21.30)Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.30）A.
15、It can be used to identify infectious diseases.B.It is not reliable in testing diseases.C.It is often used in developed countries.D.It can help to cure infectious diseases.A.It is more expensive than animal blood.B.It may carry a lot of infectious diseases.C.It shows a more accurate result in the te
16、sts.D.It can replace blood from hair sheep.A.They are more adaptable to cold weather.B.They can produce much more blood.C.They are easier to take care of.D.They are stronger than wool sheep.八、Section C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)A blue hole is a flooded sea cave with a hole that opens up at the land“s surface.
17、Some blue holes have very special rock 1 and water chemistry. Far below sea level, they contain some of the 2 environments on earth, with no oxygen and no light. Yet these areas are filled with life forms that have 3 the extreme conditions. Information gathered from these blue holes is helping scien
18、tists increase their understanding of biology, archaeology (考古学) and 4 . Blue holes get their name from the color some have when seen from the air. The color is usually a 5 the sky on the water. But not all of these cave systems have blue surfaces. Some contain dark or 6 water. One reason blue holes
19、 have not been fully explored is that they can be extremely dangerous. There are many safety rules that divers must follow to help ensure their 7 . Scientists are interested in these caves because oxygen-free conditions there are 8 those on earth long ago, before oxygen existed on our planet. Expert
20、s are not only interested in life on our planet. They study these extreme conditions to understand how and where life might exist on other planets. Blue holes also permit scientists to study climate change over thousands of years. They want to understand what those changes could mean in the future.
21、Because blue holes contain no oxygen, they also protect ancient objects from the 9 of time. However, many blue holes have become areas where people throw away waste. These actions are polluting an important source of fresh water. One of the researchers“ goals is to raise 10 about these underground a
22、reas so local communities will take better care in protecting them. （分数：71.00）填空项 1:_九、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.50)The oceans have always served as a sink for carbon dioxide, but the burning of fossil fuels since the beginning of the industrial revolution, especially
23、over the last 40 years, has given them more than they can 1 absorb. The result is that the oceans are becoming acida change in the 2 balance that threatens the oceans“ web of life. In earth“s history, there have been many 3 of acidification, mainly from volcanic eruptions (火山喷发). According to a new
24、research review by pale oceanographers at Columbia University, published in Science , the oceans may be 4 acid far faster than at any time in the past 300 million years. Changing something as 5 as the PH of seawater has profound effects. Increased acidity attacks the shells of shellfish and the skel
25、etal foundation of corals (珊瑚), dissolving the calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) they“re made of. Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Ocean acidification 6 the corals and every other 7 that makes its living on the reefs. The authors tried to determine which past acidification even
26、ts 8 the best comparison to what is happening now. The closest analogies are disastrous events, often associated with intense volcanic activity resulting in major extinctions. The difference is that those events 9 thousands of years. We have acidified the oceans in a matter of decades, with no signs
27、 that we have the political will to slow, much less halt, the 10 . A. animals F. episodes K. species B. automatically G. fundamental L. threatens C. changing H. offer M. transmitted D. chemical I. process N. turning E. covered J. safely O. urgent（分数：35.50）十一、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Advantages o
28、f Being HelplessA. At every stage of early development, human babies lag behind infants from other species. A kitten can walk slowly across a room within moments of birth and catch its first mouse within weeks, while its human counterpart takes months to make her first step, and years to learn even
29、simple tasks, such as how to tie a shoelace or skip a rope. Yet, in the cognitive race, human babies turn out to be much like the tortoise (乌龟) in Aesop“s fable: emerging triumphant after a slow and steady climb to the finish. B. Yet, this victory seems puzzling. In the fable, the tortoise wins the
30、race because the hare takes a nap. But, if anything, human infants nap even more than kittens! And unlike the noble tortoise, babies are helpless, and more to the point, hopeless. They could not learn the basic skills necessary to their independent survival. How do human babies manage to turn things
31、 around in the end? C. In a recent article in Current Directions in Psychological Science , Sharon Thompson-Schill, Michael Ramscar and Evangelia Chrysikou make the case that this very helplessness is what allows human babies to advance far beyond other animals. They propose that our delayed cortica
32、l development (皮质发育) is precisely what enables us to acquire the cultural building blocks, such as language, that make up the foundations of human achievement. In the same way, they suggest, our ability to learn language comes at the price of an extended period of cognitive immaturity. D. This claim
33、 hinges on a peculiar and unique feature of our cognitive architecture: the stunningly slow development of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质), or PFC. The PFC is often referred to as the “control“ center of the brain. One of its main functions is of selectively filtering information from the senses, allow
34、ing us to attend to specific actions, goals, or tasks. For this reason, “cognitive control“ tasks are thought to be one of the best assessors of PFC function and maturity. E. The Stroop task (斯特鲁普任务) serves as a simple assessor of PFC function in adults. The task involves naming the ink color of a c
35、ontrasting color word: for example, you might see the word “red“ written in green ink, in which case you have to say “green“. Tricky or not, healthy adults can successfully complete the task with only minor hesitation. Children, with their immature PFC“s, are a different story. Typically, the younge
36、r children are, the worse they are at solving Stroop-like tasks, and under the age of four, they outright fail them. While young children are sensitive, apt learners, and often appear to fully understand what is being asked of them, they are unable to mediate the conflicting demands present in these
37、 sorts of tasks, and thus fail them, time and time again. Three-year olds simply cannot direct how they attend to or respond to the world. F. Thompson-Schill and her colleagues suggest that this inability to direct attention has important consequences when it comes to learning about uncertain events
38、. For example, imagine you are playing a guessing game: You have to choose one of two options, either A or B, one of which leads to a prize, and the other does not. After a few rounds, you notice that about 3/4 of the time the prize is at A, and the rest of the time it is at B, so you decide to gues
39、s “A“ 75 percent of the time and “B“ 25 percent of the time. This is called probability matching, and it is the response pattern most adults tend to adopt in these circumstances. However, if the goal is to win the most prizes, it is not the best strategy. In fact, to maximize the number of correct p
40、redictions, you should always pick the more frequent outcome (or, in this case, always pick “A“). G. Interestingly, if you were playing this kind of guessing game with a kid, you would see that he would employ the maximization strategy almost immediately because they lack the cognitive flexibility t
41、hat would allow them to alternate between A and B. Fortunately for them, in this guessing game scenario, maximization is the right choice. H. While it may not be immediately obvious what this has to do with language learning, it just might have everything to do with it, because language relies on co
42、nventions. In order for language to work, speakers and listeners have to have the same idea about what things mean, and they have to use words in similar ways. This is where children come in. Young children, as it turns out, act like finely tuned antennas (天线), picking up the dominant frequency in t
43、heir surroundings and ignoring the static. Because of thisbecause children tend to pick up on what is common and consistent, while ignoring what is variable and unreliablethey end up homing in on and reproducing only the most frequent patterns in what they hear. In doing so they fail to learn many o
44、f the subtleties and characteristics present in adult speech (they will come to learn or invent those later). However, this one-track learning style means that what they do learn is highly conventionalized. I. The superiority of children“s convention learning has been revealed in a series of ingenio
45、us studies by psychologists Carla Hudson-Kam and Elissa Newport, who tested how children and adults react to variable and inconsistent input when learning an artificial language. Strikingly, Hudson-Kam and Newport found that while children tended to ignore “noise“ in the input, systematizing any var
46、iations they were exposed to, adults did just the opposite, and reproduced the variability they encountered. Children“s inability to filter their learning allows them to impose order on variable, inconsistent input, and this appears to play a crucial part in the establishment of stable linguistic no
47、rms. Studies of deaf children have shown that even when parental attempts at sign are error-prone and inconsistent, children still extract the conventions of a standard sign language from them. Indeed, the variable patterns produced by parents who learn sign language offers insight into what might h
48、appen if children did not maximize in learning: language, as a system, would become less conventional. What words meant and the patterns in which they were used would become more unstable, and all languages would begin to resemble pidgins (混杂语言). J. While no language is completely stable, there is a
49、 balance to be struck between an individual“s expressivity and the conventions that underpin it, and children clearly play an important role in maintaining this balance. Children may learn the established characteristics of their community, but they do so only because these forms are stable in their input. They are unlikely to adopt highly unusual or characteristic forms or sequences that they“ve heard only rarely, and when they themselves make errors, they are similarly unlikely
