1、大学六级-422 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.随着生活水平和医疗水平的提高，我们身边的老人日渐增多。 2. 作为大学生，能为他们做些什么 3. 这样做的原因 BTaking Care of the Old/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BNew Hopes for Preventing AIDS/BThe success of anti-retroviral (抑止肿瘤病毒) drugs in treating HIV is getting
2、researchers at the 16th International AIDS conference excited at the prospect that the potent medicines might be exploited to perform double duty. Why not use the power of these ARVs to prevent an HIV transmission or infection from taking hold in the first place? Bill and Melinda Gates asked that pr
3、ovocative question on the opening day of the conference, and are committing their considerable financial resources toward finding an answer. In their remarks, they highlighted the need to develop microbicides and oral-prevention drugs while we wait for a vaccine. And they will get their first hint a
4、t how smart their decision was this Thursday, when scientists from West Africa report the initial results from the first trial studying an oral prevention drug.So how realistic are the Gates in expecting even more from the ARVs? “I do think the range of prevention options we have within the next dec
5、ade will greatly expand,“ says Dr. Helene Gayle, President of Care USA and co-chair of the conference. “The biologic plausibility for both microbicides and oral-prevention drags is so great.“ Dr. Mark Dybul, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, said that if a microbicide or prevention drug becomes availabl
6、e to protect people from infections, they would be funded under the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief if countries chose to use them. “We would support all of that; it would be perfectly within our mandate to do all that,“ he told TIME.Preventing HIV is the only way to keep the number of new
7、 infections that occur each year - 4 million - from growing. And yet prevention strategies, always the ugly stepsister to treatment programs, have not really taken hold in the developing nations where the rate of infection is highest. An effective vaccine, of course, is the ultimate prevention weapo
8、n, but as the Gates pointed out, an HIV shot is still a long way off. In the meantime, microbicides could be one way to co-opt ARVs into the prevention war; these are chemical compounds, usually in the form of a gel or cream, that women can use vaginally prior to intercourse to stop the transmission
9、 of HIV - its the same idea behind spermicides (杀精子剂), which are chemical barriers to sperm entering the vagina and causing pregnancy. Its an elegantly simple approach, made even simpler by the fact that researchers didnt really have to start from scratch to come up with new anti-HIV compounds; they
10、 already have them in the ARVs, which now interrupt the virus from infecting cells at various points in its life cycle.The key difference is that in a microbicide, the drugs are being used in healthy people rather than in those infected with HIV. When ARVs are used for treatment, both doctors and pa
11、tients are willing to tolerate a higher level of side effects - after all, if the choice is between dying from HIV-AIDS and side effects, most patients opt for the latter. If the drugs are to be used to prevent infection, however, everything changes; understandably, healthy people arent as likely to
12、 accept the same level of side effects and toxicities as those already infected.Thats why clinical trials are so significant. So far, there are 30 to 40 different microbicide candidates being tested in animals, and five trials in Ghana, Nigeria and other developing nations at the most advanced stage
13、s of testing in women. Dr. Gita Ramjee, of the HIV Prevention Research Unit in Durban, South Africa, has worked with all five, and is hopeful that they will prove effective and make an impact on the disease. Because these latest microbicides are reformulated ARVs, however, the problem of the virus b
14、ecoming resistant to them is a potential drawback. Dr. Peter Plot, of UNAIDS, suggests basing microbicides only on the drugs do not make it through the pharmaceutical pipeline many are rejected because they dont maintain high enough levels in the blood to treat an HIV infection, but could be suffici
15、ently powerful to prevent transmission.But Zeda Rosenberg, CEO of International Partnership for Microbicides, which has sponsored a number of the trims, believes that since microbicides arent designed to enter the bloodstream and suppress HIV there, resistance wont be as huge a hurdle as it is for A
16、RVs used in treatment. “The studies so far, with most of the ARV products, suggest very low levels of systemic absorption,“ she says. “It may be that there is insufficient absorption to select for resistance. But we wont know that answer until we do the efficacy trials.“ The first of these results,
17、from Nigeria, will be released in September 2007. Even if they prove to be effective, Ramjee and others stress that microbicides - whether they come in the form of a gel or cream applied before intercourse, or as part of a delayed release ring inserted into the cervix that can provide the drug for a
18、nywhere from 30 to 90 days - are not a physical barrier to HIV. At best, microbicides may be 80% effective in preventing the transmission of the virus during intercourse. To improve the chances that the virus doesnt slip by, however, there is always the possibility of combining the ARVs, in the same
19、 Way that doctors currently do to treat infected patients.On the ground, however, Ramjee noted that its sometimes hard to keep patients enrolled. Not only do women often face opposition from their male partners to using the microbicide, there is the reality that many of the women enrolled end up get
20、ting pregnant, and as a result, have to drop out. (The trial sponsors, including USAID, NIIH and the Gates Foundation, do continue to provide family planning and other pre and post natal services to these women, if they choose to use them. )Even more tantalizing (让人着急的) than the microbicides is the
21、idea of taking a pill before intercourse or other high-risk behavior, and thereby becoming protected from HIV. Drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEPs = Prevention of or protective treatment for disease) were born from the success of programs that prevent mother-to-child transmission; since ARVs g
22、iven to women pre-and-post-delivery are effective in reducing the transmission of HIV to the child, and using ARVs before exposure to HIV have the same effect in protecting partners. Five trials, all involving two compounds, Tenofovir or Truvada, are now underway in Thailand, Botswana, Peru, West Af
23、rica and even the U.S. Its being tested in groups at highest risk of transmitting the virus-commercial sex workers and gay men. “What you want is a high level of ARV in the blood and body secretions, so that when you are exposed to HIV, the ARV will kill the virus,“ explains Dr. Peter Plot, director
24、 of UNAIDS. “Because at infection, the number of virus particles is very, very small, so you can inhibit or kill them before they penetrate cells or just at the early phases of infection.“Piot, however, notes that if PrEPs prove effective, they will create a number of thorny ethical issues: How will
25、 use of the drug be monitored? Could it become a “party“ drug or a Viagra-like crutch that people erroneously believe will provide them with absolute protection? “Well need a lot of behavioral research, which I think should be initiated as soon as possible,“ he says. “Particularly when it looks like
26、 PrEP will become a reality.“ Resistance is a key issue with PrEP as well, and if effective PrEP drugs are used widely, the problem of resistant HIV expands rapidly. “We need to be better about looking at what public health strategy we should use for ARVs,“ says Gayle. “There are a lot of potential
27、pitfalls, but our commitment has to be to make options available, develop options that are safe and effective, so they can be used by people who need them the most, and at the same time make sure we have policies so they are used in the safest way possible from a public health perspective.“（分数：70.00
28、）(1).ARVs havent been used widely to prevent HIV transmission or infection for lack of money.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).The great biologic plausibility makes it possible to use microbicides and oral-prevention drugs to prevent HIV in the next 10 years.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Lack of prevention strategies and t
29、reatment programs makes the developing countries the largest in the number of HIV infection.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Virtually all patients choose to tolerate side effects when confronted with the choice between dying from HIV-AIDS and side effects.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).According to Dr. Peter Diot, _ could
30、 be powerful enough to prevent HIV transmission.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Zeda Rosenberg has an assumption that the latest microbicides dont cause many side effects by reason that the body system _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).According to Ramjee, the combination of _ is possibly the most effective in preventing H
31、IV virus from transmitting during intercourse.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Both mother-to-child transmission and partner-to-partner transmission can be prevented or protected effectively by drugs for _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Dr. Peter Diot believes that it may be effective to use ARVs to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).
32、Widely using PrEPs may cause potential problems like ethical issues and _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.The artists works are beyond understanding.B.The artists unexpected tragedy is a great pity.C.Th
33、e artists paintings are actually worthless.D.People shouldve recognized the artists value earlier.A.The game has been canceled.B.Their team played very badly.C.Football is her favorite pastime.D.Shes never watched a better game.A.He is very forgetful.B.He likes to play tricks.C.His tests are difficu
34、lt.D.It is easy to pass his course.A.Hes not sure how much a printer costs.B.Hell buy a computer later this week.C.He lost money he was saving.D.He doesnt have enough money to buy a printer now.A.Fuel cannot be transported to the northeastern states.B.There are too few houses in the northeast.C.Peop
35、le in the northeast are inexperienced in dealing with snow.D.Cold weather in the northeast has increased the demand for fuel.A.He doesnt know what tools to bring.B.He doesnt mind helping the woman.C.The woman wont have to carry tools.D.The donkeys will carry the womans personal items.A.The woman enj
36、oyed the movie very much.B.The woman saw a horror movie last Saturday.C.The man asked the woman to be careful at night.D.The man went to the show with the woman.A.He has lost his history book.B.He doesnt like the history course.C.He has to read a lot of history books.D.He finds history difficult to
37、understand.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Many of her books are bestsellers.B.She is a shrewd bookstore owner.C.She is promoting her book in person.D.She is a salesperson at the bookstore.A.It has been the bestseller for weeks.B.It advises people to
38、change themselves.C.It is being sold at a very low price.D.It distinguishes co-operators.A.A man careful with money.B.A book-lover.C.A noisy reader.D.A trouble-maker.A.Someone who always talks about himself.B.The most violent type of coworkers.C.Someone who stabs your back.D.The most common annoying
39、 type of people.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Set up your own website.B.Consult the banks representatives.C.Try by making transfers.D.Cheek your statements.A.The person who is addicted to the Internet.B.The person who reads every label of the goods.
40、C.The person who wants to buy fruit.D.The person who is not picky.A.The famous brands,B.The cereals.C.Books.D.Meat.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Because some imported goods cause environmental damage.B.Because
41、UK wastes a lot of money importing food products.C.Because people waste energy buying food from other countries.D.Because growing certain vegetables cause environmental damage.A.The distance that a food product travels to a market.B.The distance between UK and other food producing countries.C.The di
42、stance that a food product travels from one market to another.D.The distance between a Third World Country and a First World food market.A.That Ghanaian tomatoes taste better than British ones.B.That British tomatoes are healthier than Ghanaian ones.C.That protecting the environment may cost a lot o
43、f money.D.That cutting down food miles may not necessarily save fuel.A.A supporter of free global trade.B.A member of the Food Commission.C.A supporter of First World food markets.D.A member of an energy development group.BPassage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard./B
44、（分数：21.00）A.To exchange ideas.B.To prove their value.C.To achieve success in life.D.To overcome their fear of silence.A.About whatever they have prepared.B.About whatever they want to do.C.About learning something new.D.About getting on well.A.To explain why people keep talking.B.To persuade people
45、to stop making noises.C.To encourage people to join in conversations.D.To discuss why people like talking about weather.BPassage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Bettering his way of life.B.Improving his surroundings.C.Modifying the face of the plane
46、t.D.Altering the physical features of the earth.A.When the ecological balance of the river is lost.B.When people consume more fish than they used to.C.When large numbers of algae, fish and birds are killed.D.When the production of marine petroleum is increased.A.Ecologists.B.Industrialists.C.Busines
47、smen.D.Environmentalists.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)The place of the child in society has varied for thousands of years and has been affected by different cultures and religions. In ancient times unwanted children were occasionally U(36) /U , put to death, exploited, or offered for religious sacr
48、ifices, and in any event a large percentage of them didnt U(37) /U their physically hazardous existence to achieve maturity.In Western civilization within the last few hundred years, there have been many changes in attitude toward the young. In agricultural Europe the children of the poor worked long hours for little or no pay, and there was no public concern for their safety or welfare. Punishment could be brutal and severe, and sometimes religious U(38) /U were expre
