1、大学四级-1779 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.1. 锻炼身体和平衡饮食2. 哪个是保持健康的最佳办法3. 我的观点（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Chimp (黑猩猩) Show Hallmark of Human Culture, Study FindsResearchers have discovered that chimpanzees not only teach each other new and useful behavio
2、rs, but conform to their groups preferred techniques for performing them-a hallmark of human culture.Observers have previously reported that wild chimps demonstrate more than three dozen different behaviors that have no apparent ecological or genetic origin. This diversity suggests that there are di
3、stinct ape cultures.The notion assumes that chimps transmit culture-teaching and learning behaviors generation after generation. But the theory is very difficult to test and prove in a controlled experiment outside of a laboratory.So researchers at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and Emory
4、 University in Atlanta devised an experiment to test the proposition. The results were published online August 21 in the science journal Nature.Learning and TeachingThe scientists constructed a box in which a desirable food was hidden behind a trap. Captive chimps could release the food by using a s
5、tick to move the trap in either of two ways. Researchers dubbed these the “poke“ and “lift“ methods.Scientists then isolated a high-ranking female of one group from her companions and taught her the poke method to release food. A female of high rank from a second group was taught the lift method.Non
6、e of the other members of the groups were allowed to watch the training.Finally, researchers used a third group as a control, presenting them with the box and sticks, but teaching them nothing about how to use them.Scientists then let the chimp groups watch their matriarch (女家长) use the technique sh
7、e had learned. To get the food, each dominant female consistently used the method she had been taught. The other chimps watched, often intensely, for over 36 hours spread over ten days.During this period, 15 chimps in the two study groups successfully used one method or the other to get food, and th
8、ey picked up the behavior quickly. Median times for learning the techniques in both groups were under a minute.In the meantime, the six chimps in the control group were stymied. In more than four hours of manipulating the sticks, they were unable to extract a single piece of food.Some chimps in the
9、“lift“ group discovered the poke method, and some in the “poke“ culture discovered lifting. But they were a small minority. When the apparatus was reintroduced two months later, the chimps reverted to their own cultures preferred method.This, the researchers maintain, provides evidence of a “conform
10、ist bias“. The animals discount their own experience and instead adopt the behavior of the group, just as humans do.“This is a very nice experimental setup,“ said Diana Reiss, a research scientist with the Bronx, New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society, who was not involved in the study. “It wa
11、s controlled for biases, and included a control group where there was no trained expert. The setup eliminated the problem of learning by interacting with humans.“The researchers believe they have demonstrated for the first time an ability among chimpanzees to transmit alternative technologies and al
12、ternative methods of using tools.Monkey See, Monkey Do“When all these different wild chimp behaviors were discovered in the field, there was controversy.“ said Frans de Waal, a professor of primate behavior at Emory University and study co-author. “Some scientists claimed it was social learning. Oth
13、ers claimed there were other possible explanations-individual learning, genetic differences, ecological variables, and so on.“We did the experiment to prove that you could plant a behavior by training one chimp and see it spread to other chimps by observation.“Giving the chimps two alternative metho
14、ds of accomplishing the same task, the researchers say, shows that chimps are capable of adopting local variants ( 变形) of a technique, just as they would if the variant behaviors seen in the wild are in fact socially transmitted.Not all experts agree with this conclusion. Rob Boyd, a professor of an
15、thropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, said, “I have argued that any time true imitation evolves, so will a tendency to copy the majority. So I would very much like it to be true that the data supported this prediction.“But Boyd believes the study data fail to offer the necessary p
16、roof. He notes that while a few chimps dropped their groups rarer behavioral variant (using a stick to poke or lift a trap to release food), the study “does not show that they switched to the common variant, which is what I believe is necessary.“Personifying AnimalsGroups of chimps at the Yerkes Nat
17、ional Primate Research Center Field Station at Emery University, where the research was carried out, have developed cultural differences on their own, without the intervention of human teachers.One community, for example, practices hand-clasp grooming (梳理毛发), in which two chimps each grasp one of th
18、e others hands over their heads, grooming with the free hand. Other groups do not engage in this behavior.Research with animal behavior, and perhaps especially with the great apes, risks wrongly attributing human characteristics to animals. But the researchers in this experiment say they have been c
19、areful to avoid that trap.“We aim to avoid naive anthropomorphism,“ said the lead author on the paper, Andrew Whiten of the University of St. Andrews, “by developing a rigorous experimental design that can unambiguously answer the question we pose.“He adds that the results were scored objectively fr
20、om videotapes viewed by other scientists to avoid bias. Whitten and his colleagues plan to do similar experiments with human children as subjects.“If we see similar responses in the two species.“ whiten said, “then a concern of interpretive anthropomorphism becomes rather contrived./（分数：70.00）(1).So
21、me researchers have discovered that chimpanzees have a hallmark of human culture.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).The diversity of wild chimps behaviors suggests that there are distinct ape cultures.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).The notion that chimps transmit culture is easy to test and prove in a controlled experiment o
22、utside of a laboratory.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).The researchers believe they have demonstrated for the first time an ability among chimpanzees to transmit alternative technologies and alternative methods of using tools.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).The researchers maintain that chimps are the cleverest animal.（分数：
23、7.00）填空项 1:_(6).All experts agree with the conclusion of this experiment which is to test the proposition.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Boyd believes the study data fail to offer the necessary proof.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).The research was carried out at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center Field Station a
24、t _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Research with animal behavior risks wrongly attributing _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Whitten and his colleagues plan to do similar experiments with _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are bused on the conversation you
25、have just heard.（分数：56.00）(1).A A holiday. C Work.B Luck. D An accident.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A She prefers the stadium. C The light isnt bright enough.B She agrees with the man. D The dining hall isnt large enough.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A Two hours by train. C One hour by bus.B One hour by train. D On
26、e hour by car.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A English. C Australian.B Canadian. D Austrian.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A Straight ahead on the street. C On the left.B On the right. D Over there.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).A Crowns. C Peters.B Mrs. Petersons. D Mr. Petersons.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).A Dentist and patient, C Ro
27、ommates.B Schoolmates. D Workmates.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).A Because she was not at home. C Because she was washing her hair.B Because she didnt hear the telephone ting. D Because she didnt want to answer.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are bused on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1
28、).A She generally doesnt allow people to borrow it. C She bought it from a friend.B She is trying to sell it. D It has broken down before.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A The woman could probably repay it herself. C It probably wont cost a lot to repair.B Its rather small. D Its probably difficult to drive.（分
29、数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A He only works on new cars. C He is one of her neighbors.B He has fixed her car before. D He will probably overcharge her.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A Take the woman to her home. C Help the woman pay the mechanics bill.B Test-drive the womans car. D Help the woman fix her car.（分数：7.00）
30、A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A The possible existence of life on other planets. C A technical problem that astronomers cant solve.B Methods for building powerful new telescopes. D The discovery of planets orbiting distant stars.（分数：7.00）A
31、.B.C.D.A.They studied variations in the appearance of the parent stars.B.They were able to see the planets with a telescope.C.They compared the parent stars to the Sun.D.They sent astronauts on a mission into space.(3).A Their surface features. C Their temperature.B Their chemical composition. D The
32、ir age.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A She does her shopping. C She eats a lot of things.B She drinks extra tea. D She sleeps a great deal.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A Problems with the teachers. C Probl
33、ems with class work.B Problems with family members or friends. D Problems with a part-time job.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A Talking to someone over the phone. C Playing a video game.B Drinking some diet coke. D Drinking extra tea.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you
34、have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.They were able to fly it in the air.B.They were able to stay up in the air for half an hour and more in the machine.C.They were able to carry travelers.D.They were able to fly in around Dayton.(2).A Nothing. C Hardly anything.B A lot. D A little.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.A.The rep
35、orters didnt believe what people told them about the flights.B.The Government didnt give the Wrights any money.C.The Government thought the Wrights wanted money in order to build an airplane.D.At the time it seemed no one could understand them.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage
36、 you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A The writer enjoys sleeping very much. C Bill Gates does not know how to enjoy himself.B The writer doesnt like money at all. D Mental well-being is the most important thing.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A Material life. C Spiritual life.B Sports life. D Working life.（分数：7
37、.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A It is very commercial. C It is very insecure.B It is very noisy. D It is very unfriendly.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A Importance of A Good Nights Sleep C Taking Good Care of OneselfB The Best Things Money Cannot Buy D How to Enjoy Life Thoroughly（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.0
38、0)A new book is sure to be discussed, and (36) , at colleges this fall. The book is called My Freshman Year: What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student. The writer is Rebekah Nathan. That is not her real name. She is in her fifties. She is a professor of (37) at a university in the United States
39、. Her name for it is “Any U“.The professor wanted to know why many of her students did not (38) their work or ask for help. She decided to do a (39) project. She got the (40) of the university ethics (41) . Such groups consider moral and legal issues in studies.In the spring of 2002, she (42) to her
40、 own university under the name “Rebekah Nathan“ and was admitted. She lived in student housing. She took five classes during her first term and two in the second (43) . She did pretty well, although she got one C, a mark of average. She also played sports.(44) (45) . They are busy with activities an
41、d jobs. They try to learn only as much as they have to. But she says they will read the material if it is directly linked to what is being discussed in class.(46) . She gives less reading now. She asks questions designed to get students to speak more. She offers help. And she says she is no longer o
42、ffended if a student falls asleep.（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)Home. Few words in the English language have such a special meaning. Home is a place where you can relax, kick back a
43、nd just be yourself. Just about everyone has a strong opinion of what makes a house a home. And for most people in America, home should be, above all, comfortable.Americans like their homes to reflect their personal tastes. Many do-it-yourselfers enjoy fixing up their house and making it more “livab
44、le.“ They often try to create a cozy atmosphere so that when theyre at home, theyll really feel “at home.“ Sofas and lounge chairs may be heavily padded and arranged in groupings conducive ( 有益于 ) to relaxed conversation. The bathroom even receives special attention. Carpeted floors, scented soaps,
45、colorful wallpaper and decorative curtains adorn the “comfort room“ in many homes. And on average, Americans have more bathrooms than any other people in the world.Americans try to make the most of their space, too. The majority of homes have built-in closets and shelves, and people spare no pains t
46、o add dressers, filing cabinets and closet organizers to maximize their storage space. Although keeping the house neat is often a constant battle, Americans feel its a battle worth fighting.People in America keep an eye on the latest trends in interior design. In the 80s, the “country“ look dominate
47、d the home decorating scene. Rustic furniture and shelves full of old-fashioned knick-knacks created a homey atmosphere reminiscent of rural America several generations back. The 90s have brought in another longing for the past: the retro ( 怀旧的 ) 50s and 60s lookplain and simple furniture with square backs and arms and block-style legs.With all this attention to their homes, you would think Americans place a high premium on housekeeping. In fact, however, keeping house doesnt receive as much attention as it used to.
