1、大学英语四级 154及答案解析(总分：746.57，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Views on Cloning. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1有人认为克隆技术的应用利大于弊，理由是 2也有人认为弊大于利， 3我的看法 （分数：30.00）_二、Rea
2、ding Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Car Pollution Jump in the car, start your engine and youre off. But do you give any thought to whats coming out of the tailpipe as you go about your drive? Carbon dioxide is the dominant greenhouse gas that causes global warming. The effects of global warming are unc
3、ertain, but they potentially include disruption of global weather patterns and ecosystems, flooding, severe storm, and droughts. Carbon monoxide, when inhaled, combines with haemoglobin in our blood, impairing the flow of oxygen to our brain and other parts of the body. Carbon monoxide is colorless,
4、 odorless, and poisonous even to healthy people (at high levels). It can seriously affect people with heart disease, and can affect the central nervous system. Motor vehicles are the main source of carbon monoxide pollution in many countries. Sulphur oxides contribute to respiratory illness, particu
5、larly in children and the elderly, and aggravate existing heart and lung diseases. It contributes to the formation of acid rain, which damages trees, crops, and buildings; and makes soils, lakes, and streams acidic. Nitrogen oxide is a noxious pollutant. It is a lung irritant and reacts with compoun
6、ds in the air to cause acid rain and ozone (the main reason for smog). Nitrogen oxide is one of the main ingredients involved in the formation of ground-level ozone (which can trigger serious respiratory problems), and contributes to global warming. Particulate matter, consisting of tiny particles o
7、f smoke, soot and dust primarily from engines, car parts, tires, and diesel exhaust, are an established cause of lung problems, from shortness of breath to worsening of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, damage to lung tissues, and cancer. The EPA estimates that particulate pollution kills more
8、 than 60,000 people per year. In addition, particulates are associated with increased hospital ad missions and emergency room visits for people with heart and lung disease, as well as work and school absences. Particulates can travel deep into the lungs, or in smaller form, directly into the bloodst
9、ream. Hydrocarbons, in their many forms, are directly hazardous, contributing to what are collectively called “air toxics.“ These compounds directly irritate the lung and other tissues, can cause cancer, contribute to birth defects, and cause other illnesses. Lead damages organs, affects the brain,
10、nerves, heart, and blood. Although overall blood lead levels have decreased since 1976, urban areas with high levels of traffic or industrial facilities that burn fuel may still have high lead levels in air. In 1999, ten areas of the country did not meet the national health-based air quality standar
11、ds for lead. Hybrid cars use less gas, and therefore produce fewer emissions, than conventional cars. Take a look at the statistics below (based on a car travelling 14,000 miles per year). A conventional car produces 11,100 pounds of CO2 per year, compared with the 4,800 pounds of CO2 produced by a
12、hybrid car. A conventional car produces 330 pounds of carbon monoxide per year, compared with the 230 pounds produced by a hybrid car. A conventional car produces 49 pounds of nitrogen oxide per year, compared with the 17 pounds produced by a hybrid car. A conventional car produces 670 grams of part
13、iculate matter per year, compared with the 240 grams produced by a hybrid car. A conventional car produces 29 pounds of hydrocarbons per year, compared with the 8 pounds produced by a hybrid car. Rolling Up Your Window Wont Help Exposure to some car pollutants may be much higher inside your car than
14、 outside. Commuters driving in rush hour get the highest exposure, often from pollutants emitted by vehicles ahead of them. You are basically driving in and through - and contributing to - a lethal cocktail of air pollution. Other Impacts on the Environment When you think of pollution from cars, the
15、 first thing that comes to mind is noxious fumes. But the ,problems dont stop with air pollution. The environmental consequences associated with cars are much wider. Water Pollution Runoff of oil, automotive fluids, and roadway chemicals are estimated at hundreds of thousands of tons per year, and a
16、re considered the leading source of impairment to rivers. In addition, hundreds of thousands of potential leaks from underground fuel storage tanks threaten groundwater, and improperly disposed of used motor oil ends up in waterways. Noise Pollution Noise from car traffic, and loud car stereos and a
17、larms, has become so ubiquitous that we barely notice it anymore - but its taking its toll. Recent census data indicates that 1 in 8 American households suffer from bothersome noise from the street or traffic. Problems related to noise include hearing loss, stress, high blood pressure, sleep loss, d
18、istraction, and lost productivity, and a general reduction in the quality of life and opportunities for tranquility. Solid Waste Over 10 million automobiles are scrapped every year, creating approximately seven billion pounds of unrecycled scrap and waste every year. Approximately 800 million tires
19、are stockpiled in dumps around the country, creating a serious fire hazard and an ongoing environmental hazard. Every stockpiled tire sheds rubber each year, spewing minute grains of rubber into the atmosphere and back down into the water supply and human lungs. Wildlife The Humane Society estimates
20、 that around a million animals die on U. S. roads every day. Agriculture Air and water pollution from vehicles compromises the growth, reproduction and over all health of plants, which are susceptible to disease, pests, and environmental stress. It reduces agricultural yields for many economically i
21、mportant crops, such as soybean, wheat, and cotton. The Built-up Environment During the last century, an area roughly equal to all the arable land in Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania was paved in the United States - requiting maintenance costs of over $ 200 million a day and trapping us in large, spra
22、wling and undesirable concrete jungles. Approximately one-third of an average citys land is devoted to roads and other car-related elements. Interstate highways cut through and divide countless neighborhoods, taking homes and destroying businesses. We add more and more roads, encouraging wider use o
23、f private cars and ever-increasing traffic congestion. （分数：71.00）(1).The passage gives an insight into how the United States could develop a new transport policy for the 21st century. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Low levels of carbon monoxide are not poisonous for healthy individuals. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(
24、3).The use of cars creates particulate matter in different ways, rather than just one. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).In the United States, the only pollutant for which there is a national air quality standard is lead. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Out of the seven pollutants mentioned in the first half of the art
25、icle, hybrid cars produce fewer pollutants in at least five cases. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Noise pollution is annoying, but does not result in any physical problems for people living in noisy areas. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The United States produced higher crop harvests before roads took away land and
26、 pollution affected crops. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).Pollutants from cars cause 1 , which can damage buildings and pollute rivers. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).Pollutants from cars create a 1 which people in cars are most exposed to. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Particulate matter caused by cars is still a problem afte
27、r the car has been taken off the roads forever, because particles from 1 pollute the atmosphere and water. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.1016.B.1060.C.508.D.580.A.He is going to the hospital.B.He is showing his hand.C.He is letting her go.D.He is offering help.A.A shop assi
28、stant.B.A sales clerk.C.A waiter.D.A telephone operator.A.Father and daughter.B.Uncle and niece.C.Aunt and nephew.D.Cousins.A.She wasnt invited.B.She wasnt ready to come.C.She altered her decision.D.She forget the invitation.A.The door needs repairing.B.He had lost all his keys.C.He couldnt open the
29、 door.D.He wanted the woman to help him.A.Hes rather happy to hear so.B.Hes disappointed to hear so.C.Hes unhappy to hear so.D.Hes surprised to hear so.A.He thought it was a good car.B.He thought it was too noisy.C.He thought there was wrong with the car.D.He didnt like it.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00
30、)A.The Blacks.B.The whites.C.The Chinese.D.The Japanese.A.In China town.B.In the northern part of the city.C.All over the city.D.In Japan Town.A.12,000.B.700,000.C.50,000.D.20,000.A.He thinks the city is pretty.B.He likes to talk about it.C.He travels a lot in the city.D.He teaches ethnic history at
31、 a university.A.In a shopping mall.B.In the dormitory.C.In the office.D.In a library.A.Because he has no extra money to buy gifts.B.Because its almost impossible to pick a perfect gift.C.Because it takes a lot of time to choose gifts.D.Because his gifts are often put into the closet.A.A gift should
32、be perfect.B.A gift should be impressive.C.A gift should be decorative.D.A gift should be practical.A.Computers have become part of our daily lives.B.Computers have disadvantages as well as advantages.C.People have different attitudes to computers.D.More and more families will own computers.A.Comput
33、ers can bring financial problems.B.Computers can bring unemployment.C.Computers can be very useful in families.D.Computerized robots can take over some unpleasant jobs.A.Computers may change the life they have been accustomed to.B.Spending too much time on computers may spoil peoples relationship.C.
34、Buying computers may cost a lot of money.D.Computers may take over from human beings altogether.A.Affectionate.B.Disapproving.C.Approving.D.Neutral.A.In about 20 years.B.Within a week.C.In a couple of weeks.D.As early as possible.A.Yes, of course.B.Possibly not.C.Not mentioned.D.Definitely not.A.Her
35、 complaint was ignored.B.The store sent her the correct order.C.The store apologized for their mistake.D.The store picked up the wrong items.A.Soil.B.Human population.C.Forest.D.Water.A.By using satellite images, maps, etcB.By studying specific farming methods.C.By studying the variation of human po
36、pulation.D.By analyzing the quality of crops.A.By forcing them farming.B.By affecting the quality of soils.C.By adding chemicals and pollute the waterways.D.By affecting the environments they live in.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to
37、 help secure Americas energy future? President Bush (36) 1thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWRs oil would help ease Californias electricity (37) 2and provide a major boost to the countrys energy (38) 3. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the (39) 4earth with the l
38、ast government survey, (40) 5in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels. The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of US (41) 6for as long as six years. By pumping more than one million barrels a day from the (42) 7for the ne
39、xt two or three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports (43) 8to all shipments to the US from Saudi Arabia. It sounds good. (44) 9. Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no m
40、ore than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease Americas energy problems. (45) 10 because drilling could only begin after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review.
41、As for ANWRs impact on the California power , (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same
42、 position. In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview. There are many arguments for and against the interview as a selecti
43、on procedure. The main argument against it is that it results in a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, they choose the candidate who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have
44、become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidates likely performance. The main argument in favour of the interview and it is, perhaps, a good argument is that an employer is concerned not only with a candidates ability, but with the suitabil
45、ity of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary provided she has a pleasant personality. It is perhaps true to say, therefore, that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessa
46、ble aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality, character and social ability. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants for jobs, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, peopl
47、e who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. Candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straightforward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiast
48、ic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt. （分数：177.50）(1).The sentence “In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates“ in Paragraph 1 means_
