1、专业英语四级-154及答案解析 (总分：99.90，做题时间：90分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：2，分数：100.00)Section A Multiple-Choice Questions Text A Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might
2、even be outraged. Such a behavior is regarded as all too human, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in
3、 Nature , suggests that it is all too monkey , as well. The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much clos
4、er attention to the value of goods and services than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of roc
5、k for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucum
6、bers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the c
7、hamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the w
8、ild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly cle
9、ar to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. Text B As the extension of democratic rights in the f
10、irst half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile
11、students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting
12、, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility. In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class, and lowe
13、r-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information. For the gentleman-in-wa
14、iting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however
15、, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distingu
16、ish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising. Text C Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the I
17、nternet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space. The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet, Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of the Inter
18、net Society in Geneva where more than 1,500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet. Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars. There i
19、s now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today. We will need interplanetary gateways and there wi
20、ll be protocols to transmit data between these gateways, Cerf said. Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: We need dreams like this. But I dont know any Martian whom Id like to communicat
21、e with through the Internet. Cerf has been working with NASAs Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratorythe people behind the recent Mars expeditionto design what he calls an interplanetary Internet protocol. He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with in
22、terference and delay. This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now, Cerf told the conference. If we use domain names like Earth or Mars. jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together w
23、ith people from the Internet community. He added. The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission. He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances. The whole ide
24、a is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I dont know where were going to have to put it but my guess is that well be going out there some time, Cerf said. If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become comm
25、ercial 100 years from now. The Internet was the sameit started as pure research but now it is commercialized.（分数：49.95）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _. (Text A)（分数：3.33）A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon(2).F
26、emale capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _. (Text A)（分数：3.33）A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers instructionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than their male companions(3).Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have
27、eventually found in their study that the monkeys _. (Text A)（分数：3.33）A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be taught to exchange thingsC.will not be cooperative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from others(4).Which of the following statements is TRUE of the first paragraph? (Text B)（分数：3.3
28、3）A.Democratic ideas started with education.B.Federalists were opposed to education.C.New education helped confirm peoples social status.D.Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.(5).According to the second paragraph, land-grant college _. (Text B) A. belonged to the land-owning cla
29、ss B. enlarged the scope of education C. was provided only to the poor D benefited all but the upper class（分数：3.33）A.B.C.D.(6).Which of the following was the most important for a gentleman-in-waiting? (Text B)（分数：3.33）A.Manners.B.Education.C.Moral.D.Personality.(7).According to Cerf, the purpose to
30、design interplanetary Internet is to _. (Text C) A. send real-time science data B. communicate with astronauts C. lay foundation for future technological advances D commercialize it（分数：3.33）A.B.C.D.(8).From the text, we can learn that Vinton Cerf is _. (Text C)（分数：3.33）A.seeking answers to questions
31、 about the Internet WebB.working on interplanetary Internet with collaboration of NASAC.trying to commercialize the interplanetary InternetD.exploring the possibility of establishing Internet network on Mars(9).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _. (Text C)（分数：3.33）A.the dream to build
32、interplanetary Internet can be fulfilled in the futureB.interplanetary Internet will be commercialized in 100 yearsC.the research of the Internet took 50 yearsD.it will take a long time to build interplanetary Internet(10).We know from the text that Mars mission is _. (Text C)（分数：3.33）A.one of NASAs
33、 Internet projectsB.an expedition to MarsC.the infrastructure of the interplanetary InternetD.to create an architecture on Mars(11).Section B Short Answer Questions What is the implied meaning of the statement it is all too monkey (Last Line, Paragraph 1)? (Text A)（分数：3.33）_(12).What can we infer fr
34、om the last paragraph? (Text A)（分数：3.33）_(13).What is the difference between gentleman-in-waiting and journeyman? (Text B)（分数：3.33）_(14).What is the best title for the passage? (Text B)（分数：3.33）_(15).What is the main point of this text? (Text C)（分数：3.33）_Section A Multiple-Choice Questions Text A Th
35、e Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has warned pregnant women against travel to several countries in the Caribbean and Latin America where the Zika virus is spreading. Infection with the virus appears to be linked to the development of unusually small heads and brain damage in newborns. Som
36、e pregnant women who have been to these regions should be tested for the infection, the agency also says. Here are some answers and advice about the outbreak. What is the Zika virus? A tropical infection new to the Western Hemisphere. The Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted infection related to den
37、gue, yellow fever and West Nile virus. Although it was discovered in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947 and is common in Africa and Asia, it did not begin spreading widely in the Western Hemisphere until last May, when an outbreak occurred in Brazil. Until now, almost no one on this side of the world
38、 had been infected. Few of us have immune defenses against the virus, so it is spreading rapidly. Millions of people in tropical regions of the Americas may have had it. How is the virus spread? Mosquitoes, but not every species. Zika is spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes species, which can breed in
39、a pool of water as small as a bottle cap and usually bite during the day. The aggressive yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has spread most Zika cases, but that mosquito is common in the United States only in Florida, along the Gulf Coast, and in Hawaii-although it has been found as far north as
40、Washington in hot weather. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is also known to transmit the virus, but it is not clear how efficiently. That mosquito ranges as far north as New York and Chicago in summer. Although the virus is normally spread by mosquitoes, there has been one report of poss
41、ible spread through blood transfusion. How do I know if Ive been infected? Is there a test? Its often a silent infection, and hard to diagnose. Until recently, Zika was not considered a major threat because its symptoms are relatively mild. Only one of five people infected with the virus develop sym
42、ptoms, which can include fever, rash, joint pain and red eyes. Those infected usually do not have to be hospitalized. There is no widely available test for Zika infection. Because it is closely related to dengue and yellow fever, it may cross-react with antibody tests for those viruses. To detect Zi
43、ka, a blood or tissue sample from the first week in the infection must be sent to an advanced laboratory so the virus can be detected through sophisticated molecular testing. Is there a treatment? No. The C.D.C. does not recommend a particular antiviral medication for people infected with the Zika v
44、irus. The symptoms are mild-when they appear at all-and usually require only rest, nourishment and other supportive care. How does Zika cause brain damage in infants? Experts are only beginning to figure it out. Scientists do not fully understand the connection. The possibility that the Zika virus c
45、auses microcephaly-unusually small heads and damaged brains-emerged in October, when doctors in northern Brazil noticed a surge in babies with the condition. It is not known exactly how common microcephaly has become in that outbreak. About three million babies are born in Brazil each year. Normally
46、, about 150 cases of microcephaly are reported, and Brazil says it is investigating more than 3,500 reported cases. But reporting of suspected cases commonly rises during health crises. Is there a vaccine? How should people protect themselves? Protection is difficult in mosquito-infested regions. Th
47、ere is no vaccine against the Zika virus. Efforts to make one have just begun, and creating and testing a vaccine normally takes years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars. Because it is impossible to completely prevent mosquito bites, the C.D.C. has advised pregnant women to avoid going to regions where Zika is being transmitted, and has advised women thinking of becoming
