1、大学英语四级 196 及答案解析(总分：746.57，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a message for one of your parents on the occasion of his/her birthday using no more than 120 words. Base your writing on the following outline: 1. 向父亲或母亲祝贺节日； 2. 从一件难忘的事情
2、记述父亲或或母亲的无私奉献； 3. 如何回报父亲或母亲。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annual
3、ly. The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane. Australia, where, prior to this time few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism. Nursing Absenteeism A prevalent(普遍的) attitude amongst many nurses in the group se
4、lected for study was that there was no reward or recognition for not utilizing the paid sick leave entitlement allowed them in their employment conditions. Therefore. they believed they may as well take the days offsick or otherwise. Similar attitudes have been noted by James(1989), who noted that s
5、ick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. Miller and Norton(1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 percent felt they should be rewarded for not taking sick leave, because some employees always used their sick leave. Further. 67 per cent of nurse
6、s felt, that administration was not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees personal and social lives. Only 53 per cent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly. In another longitudinal study of nurses working in two Canadian hospitals, Hackett.
7、Bycio and Gnion (1989) examined the reasons why nurses took absence from work. The frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of frequency, were illness in family, family social function, work to do at home and bereavement. Method In an attempt to
8、 reduce the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 registered and enrolled nurses in the present study, the Prince William management introduced three different, yet potentially complementary, strategies over 18 months. Strategy 1: Non-financial (material) incentives Within the established wage and sa
9、lary system it was not possible to use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives(刺激) from local businesses; including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc. At the end of each roster period, the ward with the lowest absence rate w
10、ould win the prize. Strategy 2: Flexible fair rostering Where possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of clinical needs. Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and counseling Each month, managers would analyze the pattern of absence of staff with
11、excessive sick leave (greater than ten days per year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential voluntary absenteeism such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward(病房) nurses and then
12、, as necessary, followed up by action. Results Absence rates for the six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 per cent to 4. 32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.96 per cent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However, analyzing th
13、e absence rates on a year-to-year basis, the overall absence rate was 3.60 per cent in the first year and 3.43 per cent in the following year. This represents a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period could not be
14、 demonstrated. Discussion The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the programs losing momentum and finally ceasing. There were mixed results across wards a
15、s well. For example, in wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable. Over the
16、 time of the study, staff were given a larger degree of control in their rosters. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy. Many of the nurses had not realized the impact their behavior
17、was having on the organization and their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was picking on them and this usually had a negative effect on management-employee relationships. Conclusion Although there has been some decrease in absence rat
18、es, no single strategy or combination of strategies has had a significant impact on absenteeism per se (本身). Notwithstanding the disappointing results, it is our contention(论点) that the strategies were not in vain. A shared owner ship of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving ha
19、s facilitated improved cooperation and communication between management and staff. It is our belief that this improvement alone, while not tangibly measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of absenteeism more effectively since this study. （分数：71.00）(1).The Prince Wil
20、liam Hospital has been trying to reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for many years. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as little sick leave as possible. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study belie
21、ved that management understood the effects that shift work had on them. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).The Canadian study found that illness in the family was a greater cause of absenteeism than work to do at home. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Pri
22、nce William Hospital found similar results to the two 1989 studies. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The study at the Prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism amongst 260 nurses. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The study at the Prince William Hospital involved changes in management practices
23、. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the first strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism in different period would win prizes donated by 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).In the second strategy, staff were given more control over their 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Before Strategy 1 was applied, the absence rate varied fro
24、m 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Making hotel reservations.B.Writing postcards.C.Washing the windows.D.Looking at photographs.A.As funny.B.As dishonest.C.As foolish.D.As polite.A.Shes not home now.B.Hes not sure if shes there.C.Shes talking on another phone.D.He can see h
25、er.A.He paid it today for the first time.B.He pays it after its due.C.He pays it on the last day of the month.D.Hes planning to pay it tomorrow.A.The man has changed his destination.B.The man is returning his ticket.C.The man is flying to New York tomorrow morning.D.The man cant manage to go to New
26、York as planned.A.It is no longer available.B.It has been reprinted four times.C.The store doesnt have it now, but will have it soon.D.The information in the book is out of date.A.Margaret wanted to return some magazines to the woman.B.Margaret wanted to lend some magazines to the woman.C.Margaret w
27、anted to borrow some magazines from the woman.D.Margaret wanted to get some magazines back from the woman.A.Do her homework.B.Wash clothes.C.Clean the backyard.D.Enjoy the beautiful day.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.To find out if Professor Cook has any old exams from years ago.B.To find out if Profe
28、ssor Cook is there or not.C.To find out when the exam will take place.D.To find out what is new on the campus.A.She knows Professor Cook well.B.She studies better than the man.C.She is reluctant o help the man.D.She never takes notes in class.A.A dinner and a movie.B.A movie.C.A drink.D.A dinner and
29、 a concert.A.Teacher and student.B.Patient and doctor.C.Classmates.D.Colleagues.A.With a knife.B.On the edge of some metal.C.On some glass.D.On a piece of paper.A.How much the cut hurt.B.How deep the cut was.C.How easily he was cut.D.How concerned the woman was.A.The amount of skin affected by the c
30、ut.B.The cause of the cut.C.The amount of bleeding.D.The number of nerve endings irritated.A.Because they have a driving license.B.Because they have received special training.C.Because the traffic conditions in London are good.D.Because the traffic system of the city is not very complex.A.Two to fou
31、r months.B.About three weeks.C.At least half a year.D.Two years or more.A.Government officers are hard to please.B.The learner has to go through several tough tests.C.The learner usually fails several times before he passes it.D.The driving test usually lasts two months.A.They dont want their presen
32、t bosses to know what theyre doing.B.They want to earn money from both jobs.C.They cannot earn money as taxi drivers yet.D.They look forward to further promotion.A.His wife.B.A tree.C.A clock.D.Lightning.A.Edwards had been blind for nineteen years.B.Edwards was unconscious for twenty minutes after t
33、he lightning had struck him.C.Doctors believe that Edwards was never really blind or deaf.D.Edwards awoke with his face in a puddle of water.A.He regained his sight from a head injury when he fell from a tree.B.He was happy after his wife entered his room for the first time in nine years.C.The light
34、ning took the feeling from his legs and gave feeling in his eyes.D.Because the blow that blinded him was very severe, it took another very severe blow to restore his sight.A.Pet owners are less likely to suffer from heart disease than those who do not own pets.B.Pet owners are at a risk of getting t
35、he same type of disease their pets have.C.Pet owners have a tendency to be isolated from people around them.D.Pet owners gradually develop an affection towards their pets instead of their children.A.Blood levels.B.Living condition.C.Life style.D.Blood pressure.A.Different pets have different effects
36、 on peoples health.B.A new drug which can have the same effect as pets is now available.C.Pets can make their owners psychologically healthy.D.A new breakthrough has been made in the control of heart disease.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Whenever you see an old film, even one made as (36) 1as ten yeas
37、ago, you cannot help being (37) 2by the appearance of the women taking part. Their (38) 3and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly (39) 4. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly (40) 5. There is not
38、hing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an (41) 6different age. This (42) 7is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great (43) 8of men have successfully resisted all the attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women (44) 9. This y
39、ear, they decide in their arbitrary fashion. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is ever mildly surprised. And women all over the world rush to obey. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. (45) 10. Fashion designers are rarely concer
40、ned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and (46) 11, providing they look right. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)A long time ago, both thunde
41、r and lightning lived on the earth, among all the people. Thunder was an old mother sheep and Lightning was her son, a handsome ram, but neither animal was very popular. When anybody offended the ram, Lightning, he would fly into a furious rage and begin burning down huts and corn bins, and even kno
42、ck down large trees. Sometimes he damaged crops on the farms with his fire and occasionally he killed people who got in his way. As soon as his mother, Thunder, knew he was behaving in this evil way, she would raise her voice and shout as loudly as she could, and that was very loud indeed. Naturally
43、 the neighbours were very upset, first at the damage caused by Lightning and then by the unbearable noise that always followed his outbursts. The villagers complained to the king on many occasions , until at last he sent the two of them to live at the very edge of the village, and said that they mus
44、t not come and mix with people any more. However, this did no good, since Lightning could still see people as they walked about the village streets and so found it only too easy to continue picking quarrels with them. At last the king sent for them again. “I have given you many chances to live a bet
45、ter life,“ he said, “but I can see that it is useless. From now on, you must go right away from our village and live in the wild bush. We do not want to see your faces here again. Thunder and Lightning had to obey the king and left the village, angrily cursing its inhabitants. Alas, there was still
46、plenty of trouble in store for the villagers, since Lightning was so angry at being banished that he now set fire to the whole bush, and during the dry seasons this was extremely unfortunate. The flames spread to the little farms which the people had planted, and sometimes to their houses as well, s
47、o that they were in despair again. They often heard the mother rams mighty voice calling her son to order, but it made very little difference to his evil actions. The king called all his councillors together and asked them to advise him, and at last they hit on a plan. One white-headed elder said: “
48、Why dont we banish Thunder and Lightning right away from the earth? Wherever they live there will be trouble, but if we sent them up into the sky we should be rid of them. So Thunder and Lightning were sent away into the sky, where the people hoped they would not be able to do any more damage. Things did not work out quite as well as they had hoped, however, for Lightning still loses his temper from time to time and cannot resist sending fire down to the earth when he is angry. Then you can hear his mother rebuking him in he
