1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 354及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Imagine an animal that becomes frozen in cold weather. Then, when it gets warmer, the animal simply unfreezes and goes back to its normal life. Although this may sound like something from a science-fiction movie, it is ex
2、actly what happens to the wood frog over winter and spring. When winter begins, the frog, which is found throughout much of Canada, buries itself in leaves and dirt. As the ground begins to freeze, so does the frog“s body. Normally, if a living creature is frozen, the cells inside its body are destr
3、oyed, leading to death. How, then, does the wood frog survive? The secret lies in the fact that although the water between the cells in the frog“s body becomes frozen, the water inside the cells does not freeze. Before the winter begins, the frog stores starch in its body. As the weather gets colder
4、, the drop in temperature causes the frog“s body to change this starch into glucose. This glucose, in turn, lowers the temperature at which the liquid inside the frog“s cells freezes. As a result, the cells do not freeze even at very low temperatures, allowing the frog to stay alive. Some wood frogs
5、 stay in this frozen statewith their hearts stopped completelyfor months without harm. Now researchers are hoping to adapt the wood frog“s secret to help them preserve human organs for transplants. Currently, after organs are removed from a donor“s body, they are packed in a special liquid and kept
6、very cold. However, they cannot be frozen because the ice would damage the cells in the organs. For this reason, the organs must be used quickly. If doctors had a way to preserve organs longer, they would have more time to find the best matches among people waiting for organ transplants. There is st
7、ill a lot about the wood frog that scientists do not understand. They still have to work out, for example, exactly how the frog is able to unfreeze itself and what actually restarts the frog“s heart when the weather becomes warmer. What is clear, however, is that lessons learned by studying this tin
8、y creature could be of great benefit to humans in the near future.（分数：20.00）(1).The wood frog is unusual because it _.（分数：4.00）A.can move about easily on frozen groundB.buries itself in leaves and dirt at the start of springC.survives even after its body has become frozenD.lives a normal life even i
9、n very cold weather(2).What effect does the glucose produced in the wood frog“s body have?（分数：4.00）A.It stops the water in the frog“s cells from freezing in cold weather.B.It lowers the temperature in the spaces between the frog“s cells.C.It causes the frog“s cells to produce more starch.D.It allows
10、 the frog“s cells to produce more water.(3).Researchers are hoping to use the wood frog“s secret to allow them to _.（分数：4.00）A.use transplant organs more quicklyB.remove organs from a donor more easilyC.unfreeze transplant organs with chemicals from the frogsD.keep transplant organs longer than they
11、 can now(4).Which is one thing that scientists would like to find out about the wood frog?（分数：4.00）A.Whether it becomes frozen in the spring.B.How its heart starts again when it unfreezes.C.Which parts of its body freeze in cold weather.D.Why it takes so long to unfreeze at the end of winter.(5).Whi
12、ch of the following is true?（分数：4.00）A.The wood frog needs starch in order to stop the cells in its body from dying.B.Researchers are trying to find a way to transplant the organs of wood frogs.C.Wood frogs use the glucose in their cells to unfreeze their bodies at the end of winter.D.Scientists are
13、 now using the process that takes place in a wood frog“s body to prepare human organs for transplant.Since ancient times, the destructive effects of earthquakes on human lives and property have encouraged the search for reliable methods of earthquake prediction. This challenge remains and modern sci
14、entists continue to search for reliable methods to determine the time, place and intensity of individual quakes. One prediction technique involves an analysis of the recurrence (重视) rates of earthquakes as indicators of future activity. Earthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the world whic
15、h are subject to constant movements of earth“s plates and it is in these areas that scientists focus their investigations. This search for pre-earthquake phenomena has received particular attention. In contrast to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who relied on the crying of dogs as a warning sign, mod
16、ern scientists have focused on physical evidence for a coming earthquake. Evidence of plate strain can be found by measuring relative movements, while chemical changes also offer signals for scientists. Analysis of the changes in magnetic properties and conductivity (传导性) of rocks provides further d
17、ata for prediction. The electrical and magnetic properties of crustal (地壳的) rocks are particularly sensitive to strain. The conductivity of crustal rock is determined by the degree to which the rock is soaked with fluid and the electrolytic properties of those fluids. Before large earthquakes, small
18、 fractures develop in rocks, which change the quantity of fluid present. These changes can be measured and provide useful data. However, similar changes in the fluid, bearing capacity of rock can occur as a result of other factors such as changes in the water table, and therefore this technique is n
19、ot entirely reliable. The ancient believe that the behavior of birds, cats and dogs provides evidence of inevitable earthquakes has recently been attended as a result of tests carried out in California. It has been shown that changes taking place in the metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates of these animals corre
20、late with subsequent seismic activity. It is assumed that the animals are sensitive to the seismic waves which precede major quakes. In zones where earthquakes are known to occur, improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves. If more accurate information reg
21、arding the time and intensity were available, governments could take even more effective measures to reduce the impact on human life, if, however, an entirely accurate prediction technique became available, there would be significant social and political implications.（分数：20.00）(1).Recurrence rates o
22、f earthquakes can help predict future quakes because _.（分数：4.00）A.improvement in mathematics allows figures to be more accurateB.this method has been used since ancient times and proved very effectiveC.most scientists focus their investigations on the quakes of certain areasD.continuous plate moveme
23、nts often result in earthquakes in certain areas(2).Which of the following is used by modern scientists to indicate a coming earthquake?（分数：4.00）A.The crying of dogs.B.The conductivity of rocks.C.The changes in the water table.D.The quantity of fluid in earth.(3).Crustal rocks can be used to predict
24、 earthquakes for their _.（分数：4.00）A.conductivity of electricityB.sensitivity to strainC.hardness to be crackedD.magnetic properties(4).A disadvantage of fluid measuring is that _.（分数：4.00）A.changes in quantity of fluid in rocks can be caused by other factors other than strainB.present scientific ins
25、truments are not able to provide precise measurementC.the electrical properties of the rock itself also change the fluid capacity of rocksD.fractures in these rocks are often so serious that accurate measurement is impossible(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _.（分数：4.00）A.animals can be us
26、ed as very accurate indications of earthquakesB.coming earthquakes can be precisely predicted nowC.construction improvements can help diminish destructive effects of earthquakesD.ancient people are wiser than modern men in using animals for earthquake predictionsIs language, like food, a basic human
27、 need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the in
28、fants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Ne
29、vertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they
30、might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started
31、late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and utters vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which
32、he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man“s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a ch
33、ild to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy-bear with the sound pattern “teddy-bear“. And even more incredible is the young brain“s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But spee
34、ch has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child“s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged a
35、nd sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child“s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.（分数：20.00）(1).The purpose of Frederick“s experiment was _.（分数：4.00）A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child wo
36、uld speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language(2).The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that _.（分数：4.00）A.they are incapable o
37、f learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them(3).What is particularly remarkable about a child is that _.（分数：4.00）A.he is born with the capacity to speak
38、B.he has a brain more complex than an animal“sC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing(4).Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?（分数：4.00）A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The child“s brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their l
39、anguage in definite stages.D.Children do not need to be encouraged to speak.(5).If a child starts to speak later than others, he will _ in future.（分数：4.00）A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backwardOne of the most contentious issues in the vas
40、t literature about alcohol consumption has been the consistent finding that those who don“t drink tend to die sooner than those who do. The standard Alcoholics Anonymous (匿名戒酒互助会) explanation for this finding is that many of those who show up as abstainers (戒酒者) in such research are actually former
41、hard-core drunks who had already incurred health problems associated with drinking. But a new paper in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research suggests thatfor reasons that aren“t entirely clearabstaining from alcohol does tend to increase one“s risk of dying, even when you exclud
42、e former problem drinkers. The most shocking part is abstainers“ mortality rates are higher than those of heavy drinkers. Moderate drinking, which is defined as one to three drinks per day, is associated with the lowest mortality rates in alcohol studies. Moderate alcohol use (especially when the be
43、verage of choice is red wine) is thought to improve heart health. But why would abstaining from alcohol lead to a shorter life? It“s true that those who abstain from alcohol tend to be from lower socioeconomic classes, since drinking can be expensive. And people of lower socioeconomic status have mo
44、re life stressors job and child-care worries that might not only keep them from the bottle but also cause stress-related illness over long periods. (They also don“t get the stress-reducing benefits of a drink or two after work.) But even after controlling for nearly all imaginable variablessocioecon
45、omic status, level of physical activity, number of close friends, quality of social support and so onthe researchers (a six-member team led by psychologist Charles Holahan of the University of Texas at Austin) found that over a 20-year period, mortality rates were highest for those who were not curr
46、ent drinkers, regardless of whether they used to be alcoholics, second highest for heavy drinkers and lowest for moderate drinkers.（分数：20.00）(1).What“s the Alcoholics Anonymous“ attitude towards the findings?（分数：4.00）A.Negative.B.Positive.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.(2).What do we know from the new paper
47、 in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research?（分数：4.00）A.Abstaining from alcohol can lead to a happier life.B.The mortality rate of former problem drinkers is the highest.C.Researchers have explained the reason why abstainers face high risk of dying.D.Comparing with the abstainers,
48、heavy drinkers are at a lower risk of dying.(3).What kind of people can be considered as a moderate drinker?（分数：4.00）A.People who drink less than three drinks per day.B.People who drink red wine.C.People who only drink with family members.D.Drinkers whose purpose is to improve health.(4).Why would a
49、bstaining from alcohol lead to a shorter life according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Because people who abstain from alcohol are in lower status.B.Because people who have to abstain from alcohol tend to face more stresses.C.Because abstaining from alcohol is a painful experience.D.Because abstainers have already incurred health problems.(5).According to the research over a 20-year period, what kind of people has the highest mortality rates?（分数：4.00）A.Those who drunk before that period.B.Those who didn“t drink during that period.C.Those who
