1、翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题 7 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、English Chinese Tran(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry tech
2、nique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experimentalthough no one had proposed to do soand asked an independent panel of experts haired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy o
3、n human cloning. That groupthe National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clinton“s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be
4、 extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cellsroutine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question
5、, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to
6、attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.“ Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC pl
7、ans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger
8、 an embryo“s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that woul
9、d impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air“. （分数：20.00）_2.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds
10、of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon
11、and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn“t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have consider
12、ed the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering his mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don“t have unpredictable things, you don“t have rese
13、arch. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imagi
14、native thought. I“ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “The data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office ha
15、ve said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned cla
16、ims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management
17、 to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the othe
18、r eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers w
19、ho “work well with the team“. （分数：20.00）_3.Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind“s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, so
20、metimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn“t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt“s leadership
21、 in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey“s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left. All in return for a gian
22、t reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube
23、. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this ev
24、en though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these con
25、flicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don“t need a dam to be saved. （分数：20.00）_4.Students
26、 who want to enter the University of Montreal“s Athletic Complex need more man just a conventional ID cardtheir identities must be proved genuine by an electronic hand scanner. In some California housing estates, a key alone is insufficient to get someone in the door; his or her voiceprint must also
27、 be verified. And soon, customers at some Japanese banks will have to present their faces for scanning before they can enter the building and withdraw their money. All of these are applications of biometrics, a fast-growing technology that involves the use of physical or biological characteristic to
28、 identify individuals. In use for more than a decade at some high security government institutions in the United States and Canada, biometrics is rapidly popping up in the everyday world. Biometric security systems operate by storing a digitized record of some unique human feature. When a user wishe
29、s to enter or use the facility, the system scans the person“s corresponding characteristics and attempts to match them against those on record. Systems using fingerprints, hands, voices, eyes, and faces are already on the market. Others using typing patterns and even body smells are in various stage
30、s of development. Fingerprints scanners are currently the most widely used type of biometric application, thanks to their growing use over the last 20 years by law-enforcement agencies. Sixteen American states now use biometric fingerprint verification systems to check that people claiming welfare p
31、ayments are genuine. Politicians in Toronto have voted to do the same, with a testing project beginning next year. Not surprisingly, biometrics raises difficult questions about privacy and the potential for abuse. Some worry that governments and industry will be tempted to use the technology to moni
32、tor individual behavior. “If someone used your fingerprints to match your health-insurance records with credit-card record showing that you regularly bought lots of cigarettes and fatty foods, “says one policy analyst, “you would see your insurance payments go through the roof. “In Toronto, critics
33、of the welfare fingerprint plan complained that it would force people to submit to a procedure widely identified with criminals. Nevertheless, support for biometrics is growing in Toronto as it is in many other communities. In all increasingly crowded and complicated world, biometrics may well be a
34、technology whose time has come. （分数：20.00）_5.“Clean your plate!“ and “Be a member of the clean-plate club!“ Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it“s accompanied by an appeal: “Just think about those starving orphans(孤儿) in Arica!“ Sure, we should be gra
35、teful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take a few too many bites. Instead of saying “clean the plate“, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow. According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies(肚子). A waiter puts a plate of food i
36、n front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They serve large portions to stand apart from competitors and to give the custo
37、mers value. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand. He
38、alth experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. A restaurant industry trade magazine reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believed restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23
39、percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can“t afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $ 150,000 per year prefer smaller portions. But only 45 percent of those earning less than $
40、 25,000 want smaller. It“s not that working class Americans don“t want to eat healthy. It“s just that after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year“s Christmas presents.
41、（分数：20.00）_翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题 7 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、English Chinese Tran(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husb
42、andry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experimentalthough no one had proposed to do soand asked an independent panel of experts haired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a nationa
43、l policy on human cloning. That groupthe National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clinton“s 90-day ban on federal funds for human
44、cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cellsroutine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucia
45、l question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacce
46、ptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.“ Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settle
47、d. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingl
48、y endanger an embryo“s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, h
