1、托福-13 (1)及答案解析(总分：119.94，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：1，分数：12.00)A Scientific Debate: Neptunism vs. Plutonism1. For modern geologists, the question of how rocks are formed has been answered. The processes by which sediments are cemented together to form sedimentary rocks, subterran
2、ean magma shoots to the surface to form igneous rocks, and intense heat and pressure transform both of these into metamorphic rocks are well understood. But in the days when geology was just beginning to develop as a separate scientific discipline, the origin of Earths rocks was the subject of an in
3、tense debate. Among the theories circulating around the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were two primary contenders: Neptunism, posited by the German Abraham Werner, and Plutonism, a theory of James Hutton, a Scottish geologist.2. To fully understand the debate between Neptunism and P
4、lutonism, it is essential to first examine the broader scientific context in place at the time. Before the nineteenth century, the accepted view of Earths history was defined by a concept known as Catastrophism. Its basic tenets were that the planet was of a young age and that its past was marked by
5、 a series of distinct and catastrophic events. In England in particular, this theory was influenced by the belief that a worldwide flood had occurred as described in the Christian Bible.3. Werners theory of Neptunism relied on some of the assumptions inherent in Catastrophism. The word Neptunism com
6、es from the name of the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, as Werner suggested that all of Earth had once been covered by a vast, hot ocean.The waters of this ocean, he said, contained small amounts of diluted minerals. Over time, these ancient waters evaporated and sank lower, and as they disappeared,
7、the minerals remained and fused into crystals to produce the rocks and landmasses visible on Earths surface. A series of later catastrophic floods, such as the one reported in the Bible, added more rocks and explained the different rock layers that geologists were beginning to discover around this t
8、ime.4. Concurrently, there were many other geologists who were starting to reject the notion of Catastrophism. Much of the contemporary evidence being collected regarding fossils and the complexity and diversity of geologic formations suggested that the planet was much older than anyone had previous
9、ly thought, As a result, the theory of Uniformitarianism was introduced, which stated that Earths geologic processes were gradual and unfolding at an incredibly slow rate over an immense timeframe. Even more important for the field of geology, Uniformitarianism held that those same processes were st
10、ill occurring. （分数：12.00）(1).In Paragraph 1, the author introduces the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism byA. providing information about the backgrounds of both of the geologists involved.B. describing how scientists studied the planet before the creation of geology.C. explaining the differenc
11、es in the formation of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.D. contrasting modern geologic knowledge with that of previous centuries.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word discipline in the passage is closest in meaning toA. field.B. inquiry.C. idea.D. potential.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word tenets in
12、 the passage is closest in meaning toA. opinions.B. principles.C. examinations.D. entitlements.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word its in the passage refers toA. Catastrophism.B. planet.C. England.D. theory.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Paragraph 3, how did Neptunism account for the multiple layers of
13、 rock found on Earths surface?A. They were caused by the failure of some minerals to fuse into crystals.B. Each was deposited by a distinct extreme flooding event.C. They were the result of an uneven distribution of minerals in the water.D. The ancient ocean evaporated little by little, leaving rock
14、s at each layer.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the passage, both Neptunism and Plutonism were named afterA. important principles of Catastrophism or Uniformitarianism.B. well-known theories established by early Roman thinkers.C. the phenomenon they identified as essential to rock formation.D. the
15、 materials they claimed that rocks were composed of.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The word proponents in the passage is closest in meaning toA. formulas.B. supporters.C. objects.D. designers.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
16、 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Eroded sediments from rocks at the surface would be slowly transported to the depths of the ocean, where intense heat would change their physical structure.B. Rocks brought to the surface by
17、 volcanoes were eroded, carried as sediments to the seafloor, and then formed into rocks to begin the cycle anew.C. Erosion was the driving force behind this rock cycle, for without it, there would be no fresh sediments to form new rocks.D. The immense power released during periods of volcanic activ
18、ity resulted in the movement of rocks from great depths up to the surface.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).Why does the author mention plate tectonics and radiocarbon dating in Paragraph 6?A. To identify some of James Huttons other innovations.B. To support the claim that Catastrophism was replaced by Uniformit
19、arianism.C. To prove that many of Plutonisms ideas were incorrect.D. To explain how Huttons theories have influenced modern geology.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).All of the following are mentioned about the theory of Catastrophism in the passage EXCEPTA. it successfully explained the discovery of fossils in
20、 the late 1700s.B. it was sometimes related to Biblical accounts of Earth history.C. it was the foundation of geologic study prior to the 1800s.D. its dominance was ended by the rise of Uniformitarianism.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could
21、be added to the passage.What this meant was that the ancient history of Earth could be understood by studying currently observable phenomenon.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Direc
22、tions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the geologic theory to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they be
23、long.To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click View Text.Answer ChoicesA. described a lengthy and gradual process characteristic of UniformitarianismB. was established as fact by scientists of a later eraC. was soon abandoned by geologists along with CatastrophismD. attrib
24、uted rock formation to crystals that arose from evaporated watersE. held that all of our planets history could be studied directlyF. contained a mix of both incorrect and accurate conceptsG. posited that rocks were created by intense heat and pressureNeptunism_Plutonism_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Set 2(总题数：2
25、，分数：18.00)TOEFL Reading Passage 1Historical Changes in the European Art World1. European artists in the Late Middle Ages were accorded the same social status as blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, and other craftsmen. Whereas philosophers, musicians, and poets were seen as exercising intellectual skil
26、ls, artists were not. Like other craftsmen, they were organized under the guild system. Originally developed prior to the second millennium AD, guilds were formal organizations founded by people who practiced a similar craft, with the intention of ensuring they received fair payment for their servic
27、es and fostering the exchange of knowledge among members. In most European cities, there would be a masons guild, a smiths guild, and a carvers guild, along with those established by painters, sculptors, and architects. New members began as apprentices, learning from the masters of their craft, and
28、if they demonstrated enough skill, they would one day be eligible to become master craftsmen themselves.2. Then, in the fourteenth century, Europe entered a period of significant transformation known as the Renaissance. This term literally means “rebirth; as it describes an era when European scholar
29、s were rediscovering works of the Classical Greeks and Romans. Ancient texts on math, science, and philosophy, written by such figures as Plato and Cicero, became the subjects of intense study and altered the ways in which Europeans Viewed their world. From its origins in Florence, Italy, the Renais
30、sance radiated throughout the continent and affected every aspect of the lives of the people living there.3. The quest for Classical knowledge that characterized the Renaissance also led to a rebirth of the conception of the artist, Depiction of nature in its true form became the ideal, and painters
31、 began to study mathematical perspective and optics in order to more realistically represent their subjects. This emphasis on intellectual investigation distinguished the arts from the so-called mechanical crafts, and artists witnessed a marked improvement in their social standing. By the 1500s, des
32、criptions like “genius“ and “divine“ were being ascribed to Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and other creators of artistic masterpieces. （分数：8.45）(1).The word accorded in the passage is closest in meaning toA. elevated.B. bestowed.C. acclaimed.D. applied.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the sentences
33、below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The purpose of a guild was to establish financial precedents that would benefit both the people who produced the cra
34、fts as well as their customers.B. Guilds were established to ensure that all members who shared their knowledge of the craft would receive the same payment for their services.C. Members of craft guilds had access to the collective knowledge possessed by everyone who practiced that same craft.D. For
35、centuries, craftsmen involved in a similar trade had been in guilds which provided them with economic protection and professional development.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Paragraph 1, guilds in the Late Middle Ages included a system that allowed members toA. begin as master craftspeople if they
36、 had enough skill.B. progress steadily up the hierarchy in their field.C. practice more than one craft at a time.D. exchange goods and services with other craftsmen.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(4).In Paragraph 2, the author explains the nature of the Renaissance byA. discussing ancient Greek and Roman history.
37、B. relating the accomplishments of Plato and Cicero.C. providing a definition for the name itself.D. describing Florence, Italy, in the fourteenth century.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(5).The word marked in the passage is closest in meaning toA. signed.B. clear.C. rapid.D. special.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(6).The word
38、spawned in the passage is closest in meaning toA. remained with.B. held off.C. brought forth.D. stood for.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(7).According to Paragraph 4, how did the Academy of St. Luke differ from the Platonic Academy?A. One of them focused on painting while the other focused on architecture.B. The
39、Platonic Academy was supported by the guilds, but the Academy of St. Luke was not.C. They were constructed at the same location but in different years.D. The curriculum consisted only of artistic subjects at the Academy of St. Luke.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(8).The word they in the passage refers toA. academ
40、ies.B. conventions.C. members.D. ideals.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(9).In Paragraph 5, the author states that the French salonsA. were first established during the Renaissance.B. only supported artists who conformed to particular standards.C. were responsible for the popularity of art museums in later years.D
41、. admitted people regardless of their social standing.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(10).The word avenues in the passage is closest in meaning toA. inventions.B. channels.C. approaches.D. formats.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(11).Based on the information in Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6, what can be inferred about the French
42、academies?A. They were initially operated by successful artists and teachers from Italy.B. They eventually began encouraging artists to be more radical and creative.C. They dominated the European art world in the period after the Renaissance.D. They played a pivotal role in opening up the art world
43、to the general public.（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Sculptors similarly were expected to possess detailed knowledge of anatomy so they could capture the intricacies of the human form.Where would the sentence be
44、st fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.65）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most im
45、portant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.During the Renaissance, art developed into an important medium of creative expression._Answer
46、ChoicesA. The work of the Classical Greeks and Romans formed the philosophical foundations of the Renaissance, the origins of which have been traced to Florence.B. While artists had historically been considered simple craftsmen, the changes brought about by the Renaissance encouraged recognition of
47、their intellectual skills.C. The art academies that were opened starting in the late 1500s became the most important centers for the spread of artistic teachings in Europe.D. French academies were more popular than their Italian counterparts in part because they actively supported local artists move
48、ments.E. Art salons, such as those in Paris, were the only places where the general public could observe the impressive work being done by students of the academies.F. For a time, the development of art was controlled by the French academies, but newer and less restrictive styles grew in popularity.
49、（分数：0.65）填空项 1:_TOEFL Reading Passage 2Americas Western Migration1. After America declared independence in 1776, its citizens began migrating from the original colonies along the Atlantic coast, crossing the Appalachian Mountains and heading west. By 1800, trading centers had been established from Ohio to Alabama and pioneers were already making their way towards the Mississippi River. With the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and further land acquisitions, the frontier of t
