1、托福-21 及答案解析(总分：146.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、PART (总题数：1，分数：10.40)Historical Background The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is the earliest existing Germanic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in Ol
2、d English, the tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which Germanic tribes emigrated to England. Beowulf comes from Geatland, the southeastern part of what is now Sweden. Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives near what is now Leire, on Zealand, Denmarks largest island. The Beowulf epic cont
3、ains three major tales about Beowulf and several minor tales that reflect a rich Germanic oral tradition of myths, legends, and folklore. The Beowulf warriors have a foot in both the Bronze and Iron Ages. Their mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen, and their wooden shield
4、s, wood-shafted spears, and bronze-hilted swords are those of the Bronze Age warrior. However, they carry iron-tipped spears, and their best swords have iron or iron-edged blades. Beowulf also orders an iron shield for his fight with a dragon. Iron replaced bronze because it produced a blade with a
5、cutting edge that was stronger and sharper. The Northmen learned how to forge iron in about 500 B.C. Although they had been superior to the European Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make and design iron work. Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the
6、form of “bog-iron“ found in the layers of peat in peat bogs. The Beowulf epic also reveals interesting aspects of the lives of the AngloSaxons who lived in England at the time of the anonymous Beowulf poet. The Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, invaded England from ab
7、out A.D. 450 to 600. By the time of the Beowulf.poet, AngloSaxon society in England was neither primitive nor uneu tured Although the Beowulf manuscript was written in about A.D. 1000, it was not discovered until the seventeenth century. Scholars do not know whether Beowulf is the sole surviving epi
8、c from a flourishing Anglo-Saxon literary period that produced other great epics or whether it was unique even in its own time. Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime between the late seventh century and the early ninth century. If they are correct, the original manuscript w
9、as probably lost during the ninth-century Viking invasions of Anglia, in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their great libraries. However, other scholars think that the poets favorable attitude toward the Danes must place the epics composition after the Viking invasions and a
10、t the start of the eleventh century, when this Beowulf manuscript was written. The identity of the Beowulf poet is also uncertain. （分数：10.40）(1).According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Beowulf?. A. It is the only manuscript from the Anglo-Saxon period. B. The original story wa
11、s written in a German dialect. C. The author did not sign his name to the poem. D. It is one of several epics from the first century.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).The word which in the passage refers to A. tale B. Scandinavia C. manuscripts D. Old English（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).Why does the author mention “bog-
12、iron“ in paragraph 2? A. To demonstrate the availability of iron in Scandinavia B. To prove that iron was better than bronze for weapons C. To argue that the Celts provided the materials to make iron D. To suggest that 500 B.C. was the date that the Iron Age began（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the se
13、ntences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. A. Society in Anglo-Saxon England was both advanced and cultured. B. The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive or cultured. C. Th
14、e Anglo-Saxons had a society that was primitive, not cultured. D. England during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced, not cultured.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).The word unique in the passage is closest in meaning to A. old B. rare C. perfect D. weak（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(6).According to paragraph 4, why do many
15、 scholars believe that the original manuscript for Beowulf was lost? A. Because it is not like other manuscripts B. Because many libraries were burned C. Because the Danes were allies of the Anglo-Saxons D. Because no copies were found in monasteries（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(7).In paragraph 4, the author su
16、ggests that Beowulf was discovered in the A. first century B. ninth century C. eleventh century D. seventeenth century（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(8).Why does the author of this passage use the word “apparently“ in paragraph 5? A. He is not certain that the author of Beowulf was a Christian. B. He is mentionin
17、g facts that are obvious to the readers. C. He is giving an example from a historical reference. D. He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(9).The author compared the Beowulf character to Hercules because A. they are both examples of the ideal hero B. their adventure
18、s with a dragon are very similar C. the speeches that they make are inspiring D. they lived at about the same time（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(10).The word exhibits in the passage is closest in meaning to A. creates B. demonstrates C. assumes D. terminates（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(11).The word reject in the passage is
19、 closest in meaning to A. manage B. evaluate C. refuse D. confront（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(12).look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowulf is a copy of an earlier manuscript. Where could the sentence be
20、st be added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage. A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most impor
21、tant points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Beowulf is the oldest Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day, _ _ _ Answe
22、r ChoicesA. The Northmen were adept in crafting tools and weapons made of bronze, but the Celts were superior in designing and working in iron. B. In the Viking invasions of England, the Danish armies destroyed monasteries, some of which contained extensive libraries. C. King Hrothgar and Beowulf be
23、come friends at the end of their lives, after having spent decades opposing each other on the battlefield. D. The poem chronicles life in Anglo-Saxon society during the Bronze and Iron Ages when Germanic tribes were invading England. E. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous poet, probably a C
24、hristian, about 1000 A.D., it was not found until the seventeenth century. F. Beowulf is still interesting because it has engaging characters, an adventurous plot, and an appreciation for human behavior and relationships.（分数：0.80）填空项 1:_三、PART (总题数：2，分数：19.60) Mammals and birds generally maintain bo
25、dy temperature within a narrow range (36-38 for most mammals and 39-42 for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm bod
26、y temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss.
27、 Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also ha
28、ve a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold environments can increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5 to 10 times above the minimal levels that occur in warm con
29、ditions. Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping
30、 a thicker layer of air. Humans rely more on a layer of fat just beneath the skin as insulation; goose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising left over from our furry ancestors. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heat exchange and may contribute to regional temperature differences within t
31、he animal. For example, heat loss from a human is reduced when arms and legs cool to several degrees below the temperature of the body core, where most vital organs are located. （分数：10.40）(1).According to paragraph 1, the most fundamental adaptation to maintain body temperature is A. the heat genera
32、ted by the metabolism B. a shivering reflex in the muscles C. migration to a warmer environment D. higher caloric intake to match heat loss（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term “thermogenesis“? A. Heat loss that must be reversed B. Th
33、e adaptation of brown fat tissue in the neck C. The maintenance of healthy environmental conditions D. Conditions that affect the metabolism（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meani
34、ng or leave out important information. A. An increase in heat production causes muscle activity such as moving or shivering. B. Muscle activity like moving and shivering will increase heat production. C. Moving and shivering are muscle activities that increase with heat. D. When heat increases, the
35、production of muscle activity also increases.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).The word minimal in the passage is closest in meaning to A. most recent B. most active C. newest D. smallest（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).In paragraph 2, the author explains the concept of vasodilation and vasoconstriction by A. describing the
36、 evolution in our ancestors B. giving an example of heat loss in the extremities C. comparing the process in humans and animals D. identifying various types of insulation（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(6).The word regulate in the passage is closest in meaning to A. protect B. create C. reduce D. control（分数：0.80）A
37、.B.C.D.(7).According to paragraph 3, why do many marine animals require a layer of blubber? A. Because marine animals have lost their hair during evolution B. Because heat is lost in water twice as fast as it is in air C. Because dry hair does not insulate marine animals D. Because they are so large
38、 that they require more insulation（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(8).The word those in the passage refers to A. marine animals B. core temperatures C. land mammals D. metabolic rates（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(9).Why does the author mention chickadees in paragraph 4? A. To discuss an animal that regulates heat very well B.
39、 To demonstrate why chickadees have to eat so much C. To mention an exception to the rules of thermoregulation D. To give a reason for heat production in small animals（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(10).In paragraph 6, the author states that evaporative cooling is often accomplished by all of the following method
40、s EXCEPT A. by spreading saliva over the area B. by urinating on the body C. by panting or fluttering a pouch D. by immersing themselves in water（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(11).The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to A. simplify B. improve C. replace D. interrupt（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at
41、the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. The insulating power of a layer of fur or feathers mainly depends on how much still air the layer traps. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage. A. Squar
42、e .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary becaus
43、e they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Thermoregulation is the process by which animals control body temperatures within healthy limits. _ _ _ Answer ChoicesA. Although hair can be a very efficient nsulation wh
44、en it is dry and it can be raised, hair becomes ineffective when it is submerged in cold water. B. Some animals with few adaptations for thermoregulation migrate to moderate climates to avoid the extreme weather in the polar regions and the tropics. C. Mammals and birds use insulation to mit- igate
45、heat loss, including hair and feathers that can be raised to trap air as well as fat or blubber under the skin. D. Some birds have a special pouch in the mouth, which can be fluttered to increase evaporation and decrease their body temperatures by as much as 20. E. Endotherms generate heat by increa
46、sing muscle activity, by releasing hormones into their blood streams, or by producing heat in brown fat tissues. F. Panting, sweating, and spreading saliva or urine on their bodies are all options for the evaporative cooling of animals in hot environmental conditions.（分数：0.80）填空项 1:_ Holmes and Rahe
47、 (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are ask
48、ed to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Over
49、all, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illnessand many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi however, some students who do not meet minimum requirements for a particular grade may be asked to repeat the year. Graded schools are divided into primary grades, intermediate grades, and secondary grades. Primary education includes gra
