1、托福-39 及答案解析(总分：135.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSet 1/B(总题数：1，分数：6.00)The Concept of StyleStyle may be defined as the characteristic manner of presentation of any art form. We distinguish between the style of a novel and that of an essay, between the style of a cathedral and that of a
2、 palace. The word may also indicate the creators personal manner of expressionthe distinctive flavor that sets one artist apart from all others. Thus we speak of the literary style of Dickens or Shakespeare, the painting style of Picasso or Michelangelo, the musical style of Bach or Mozart. We often
3、 identify style with nationality, as when we refer to French, Italian, or German style; or with an entire culture, as when we contrast a Western musical style with one of China, India, or some other region. It is the difference in the treatment of the elements of music that makes one musical work so
4、und similar to or different from another. We have seen that western music is largely a melody-oriented art based on a particular musical system from Uwhich/U the underlying harmonies are also built. Relatively speaking, rhythm and meter in western music are based on simpler principles than are melod
5、y and harmony. Music of other cultures may sound foreign to our ears and sometimes out of tune because they are based on entirely different musical systems from which they derive their melodic material and many do not involve harmony to any great extent. One important factor in these differing langu
6、ages of music is the way in which the octave is divided and scales are produced. Complex rhythmic procedures and textures set some world music apart from western styles, while basic formal considerationssuch as repetition, contrast, and variationbring music of Udisparate/U cultures closer. In short,
7、 a style is made up of all the factors relating to pitch, time, timbre, and expression, creating a sound that each culture recognizes as its own. Since all art changes from one age to the next, one very important use of the word “style“ is in connecting the various historical periods. The music of e
8、ach world culture has its own style periods. Focusing on the development of western music we will find that the concept of style enables us to draw connections between musicians and their time, so that the musical work is placed in its socio-historical frame. No matter how greatly the artists, write
9、rs, and composers of a particular era may vary in personality and outlook, when seen in the perspective of time, they turn out to have certain qualities in common. Because of this, we can tell at once that a work of artwhether music, poetry, painting, sculpture, or architecturedates from the Middle
10、Ages or the Renaissance, from the eighteenth century or the nineteenth. UThe style of a period, then, is the total art language of all its artists as they react to the artistic, political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces that shape their environment./UA. Scholars will always disagree a
11、s to precisely when one style period ends and the next begins.B. Each period leads by Uimperceptible/U degrees into the following one, dates and labels being merely convenient signposts.C. The following outline shows the generally accepted style periods in the history of western music.D. Each repres
12、ents a concept of form and technique, an ideal of beauty, a manner of expression and performance attuned to the cultural climate of the periodin a word, a style! 350600: Period of the Church Fathers 600850: Early Middle AgesGregorian chant 8501150: Romanesque perioddevelopment of the staff in musica
13、l notation, about 1000 11501450: Late Middle Ages (Gothic period. 14501600: Renaissance period 16001750: Baroque period 17251775: Rococo period 17501825: Classical period 18201900: Romantic period 18901915: Post-Romantic and Impressionist period 191020th century:（分数：6.00）(1).The word Uidentify/U in
14、Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. define B. recognize C. relate D. orient（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word which in Paragraph 2 refers to A. western music B. a melody-oriented art C. the underlying harmonies D. a particular musical system（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).In Paragraph 2, the author explains t
15、he differences in the treatment of musical elements in order to_. A. identify various musical styles of different cultures B. explain that each culture has its own distinctive musical style C. argue that the most wonderful music in the world is from Western society D. describe the processes of diffe
16、rentiating between different musical styles（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Paragraph 2, what makes music of different cultures bear similarities to one another? A. How the octave is divided and scales are produced. B. The way in which the harmonies of certain music are achieved. C. Whether there i
17、s the trend of being melody- oriented or not. D. The formal qualities of music instead of rhythmic procedures and textures.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word disparate in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_. A. different B. related C. extreme D. oriental（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).Based on the information in
18、Paragraph 1, what can be inferred about style? A. Style can be defined as the features that differentiate one artist from another. B. Style can be defined as the features of both an overall art form and an artists personal art. C. Style can be defined as the features that display the overall charact
19、eristics of an art. D. Style can be defined as the features that show the overall characteristics of an artist.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The word Uimperceptible/U in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_. A. discernable B. unprotected C. unidentifiable D. unsuccessful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).All of the follo
20、wing are mentioned in Paragraph 2 as contributing to the commonness of all the music varieties EXCEPT_. A. the repetition approach B. the necessity to vary from one to another C. the contrast between the neighboring two D. the harmony employed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).In Paragraph 4, why does the author
21、mention the outline? A. The outline is employed to group musicians into right categories. B. The outline is a hypothesis formed by the researchers in this field. C. The outline helps to distinguish important musicians from unimportant musicians of each era. D. This outline helps to unify the musicia
22、ns of the same period regarding their style.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The artistic, political, e
23、conomic, religious, and philosophical factors of a period contribute to the formation of the style of a period as a whole. B. The artistic, political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces of a period result in the variety of the style of different artists of a period. C. Each period has a c
24、ommon style of all the artists, which is established by how the artists respond to the artistic, political, economic, religious, and philosophical forces that form their environment. D. Every period has a style of its own, which has something to do with its artistic, political, economic, religious,
25、and philosophical forces.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Yet the orientation of this fuzzy growing trend presents no difficulties for us to identify the major characteristics of each era. Where would the sentenc
26、e best fit? A. Square . B. Square . C. Square . D. Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of true or false to which they relate, two of the answer choices will NOT b
27、e used. This question is worth 4 points. True FalseAnswer ChoicesA. Just as style is a unique feature of different forms, musical style is a unique language as well. B. We all know that folk music is quite different from symphonic music. C. Literary styles are very different from musical styles. D.
28、The varying elements of music production are the key to differentiating music styles. E. Musicians like to show their personal style by choosing special musical elements. F. Style is always a product of history and society as a whole. G. Harmony is universal in all kinds of musical styles. H. We can
29、 also distinguish the style of politicians in the West from that of politicians in the East.（分数：0.50）_三、BSet 2/B(总题数：1，分数：6.50)Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinWhen Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string dangling in a glass of salt water. Many children bef
30、ore and since have done the same, but in Hodgkins case, the sparkling geometric shapes Ukindled/U a fascination that would lead her to world fame. In 1964, nearly half a century later, Hodgkin received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12 from photo
31、graphic images of their crystals. She made the images with a technique called x-ray crystallography, which involves firing x-rays through a crystal to determine the arrangement of the atoms in it. It is a bit like determining the shape of a jungle gym from its shadow. Born in 1910, Hodgkin spent the
32、 first few years of her life in Cairo, where her father was an official in the British colonial government. Most of her education had been at home, but once back at school in England, her keen interest in crystals won the attention of her schoolteacher. Hodgkin and a friend got special permission to
33、 join the boys studying chemistry. By age 12, she was doing chemistry experiments on rocks she found in her garden to see what they contained. That summer, while visiting her father in Khartoum, Sudan, she met Dr. A. E. Joseph, a friend of her fathers and a well-known soil chemist. Joseph took her o
34、n a tour of his laboratory. Pleased by her intense interest, he put together a small chemistry set for her, which she took back to England and set up in her mothers attic. It was her first laboratory. Hodgkin enrolled at Oxford University, where she eventually specialized in x-ray crystallography. A
35、t the time, the analysis of the structures of even the simplest chemicals by x-ray crystallography required at least 30 sets of calculations, all done by hand. The work Udemanded/U perseverance and diligence, and a good head for math. Under these conditions, Hodgkin flourished. Seeking a greater cha
36、llenge after college, Hodgkin went to Cambridge to study with a young crystallographer named J.D. Bernal. Together they solved some of the most complex chemical structures ever attempted, including Uthose/U of several vitamins and sex hormones. They took the first x-ray photographs of a proteinthe s
37、tomach enzyme pepsinshowing that proteins form regular crystals. In 1937, Hodgkin received her doctorate. Within a few months, she also married historian Thomas Hodgkin, taking his name. The Hodgkins were a two-career family, working in different towns and Ucommuting/U on alternate weekends to see e
38、ach other. Dorothy Hodgkin remained at Oxford, where she continued her research, taught university classes, and raised three children. When the demand for penicillin soared during World War , chemists all over the world raced to determine its structure. Experimental chemists used chemical reactions.
39、 Structural chemists, such as Hodgkin, used crystallography. Despite daunting calculations, Hodgkin and her students at Oxford completed the structure in 1949, beating the experimental chemists and establishing x-ray crystallography as an indispensable tool in biochemistry. Even as Hodgkin was finis
40、hing her analysis of penicillin, however, she had already begun a study of B12, widely used to treat pernicious anemia. In 1957, she published the structure of this 180-atom molecule. A. When she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964, she told a group of students at the ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden
41、, that she hoped her position as the only woman to receive the prize that year “will not be so very uncommon in the future, as more and more women carry out research in the same way as men“. B. But what was perhaps Hodgkins greatest success came after the Nobel Prize, when she tackled the biggest mo
42、lecule of her career. Insulin, a protein that regulates the bodys sugar storage, contains over 1000 atoms.C. A deficiency in or insensitivity to insulin causes diabetes, a complex disease that causes suffering in several hundred million people worldwide. Hodgkin solved the structure of insulin in on
43、ly five years. D. Her achievement proved that proteins have regular shapes, and it spawned research that ultimately led to effective treatments for diabetes.（分数：6.50）(1).The word it in Paragraph 2 refers to_. A. Testing out the structures of penicillin B. Testing out the structures of vitamin B12 C.
44、 Determining the arrangement of the atoms in a crystal D. Firing x-rays through a crystal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word Ukindle/U in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. produce B. interest C. improve D. arouse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).In Paragraph 2, why does the author mention a jungle gym? A. To s
45、how that chemistry elements take the shape of a jungle sometimes. B. To indicate that there are many differences between chemistry and other fields. C. To demonstrate that studying chemistry is very hard due to its indirectness and uncontrollability. D. To indicate that it is very difficult to deter
46、mine the arrangement of the atoms in a crystal.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word Udemanded/U in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_. A. pleaded B. visited C. required D. decided（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word those in Paragraph 6 refers to_. A. vitamins B. complex chemical structures C. sex hormones D.
47、x-ray photographs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. She hoped that no other women could ever win the Nobel
48、 Prize in the future. B. She hoped that more and more women could be actively engaged in chemistry study. C. She hoped that it would be a common phenomenon for women to win the Nobel Prize in the future. D. She is suitable and qualified for this job. She hoped that in the future more and more women could conduct research, as men have.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The word Ucommuting/U in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to_. A.
