1、托福-40 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BPart 1/B(总题数：1，分数：6.50)THE MOON1 UThe moon is the closest natural body and the single natural satellite of the earth/U. The orbit of the moon around the earth is not circular but elliptical. Thus, the distance of the moon from the earth
2、varies from a maximum distance of 406,685 kilometers to a minimum of 356,410 kilometers. In one day, the moon moves about 12 degrees along its orbit. The moon completes one revolution of the earth in 27.3 days, a period known as a sidereal month.2 The moon rotates slowly on its axis, making one comp
3、lete rotation in a period of time exactly equal to its orbit around the earth. Thus, the moon keeps the same hemisphere or face turned toward the earth at all times. We do not, however, always see only half of the moons surface from the earth. The Ueccentricity/U of the moons orbit allows us to see
4、additional lunar surface through irregular movements called librations, which expose an extra 18 percent of the moons surface at one time or another.3 In 1969, the first humans landed on the moons surface in the Sea of Tranquility. Subsequent lunar landings were on the Ocean of Storms and the Sea of
5、 Serenity. Despite these watery names, the astronauts had to cope with an environment Udevoid of/U water. The dark areas on the moons surface are called seas and oceans because early observers assumed the moon was much like the earth. We now know that the seas are dark because they are volcanic basa
6、lt flows, mostly of iron silicate. The brighter parts, the mountains, consist of igneous deposits of aluminum and calcium silicates.4 Like the earth, the moon has no light of its own; its daylight side reflects the light of the sun. The moon goes through phases, apparent changes in its shape, becaus
7、e it orbits the earth in nearly the same plane as the earth orbits the sun. The eight phases of the moon arise from its changing position in relation to the earth. At the new moon, the start of the first phase, the dark side of the moon is turned toward the earth, so the moon cannot be seen. A few n
8、ights later, a thin crescent hangs in the evening twilight. At this time, the dark side of the moon is faintly visible because it is illuminated by earthshine, the light of the sun reflected from the earth to the moon, then back again.5 The second phase is a waxing crescent moon, followed by the thi
9、rd phase, when the moon forms a right angle with the earth-sun line, and a half moon appears at sunset. During the fourth phase, the moon is more than half but less than fully illuminated, known as a waxing gibbous moon. The waxing gibbous moon is followed by a full moon (fifth phase), which occurs
10、when the sun, earth, and moon are in opposition, or roughly aligned. At full moon, the rising disk of the moon appears to balance the setting sun in the evening sky. When the moon is just past full, a lunar twilight-seen as a glow in the eastern sky-will precede moonrise.6 After the full moon, the m
11、oon begins to Uwane/U, through a waning gibbous moon (sixth phase), a waning half moon (seventh phase), and a waning crescent moon (eighth phase). Toward the end of the eighth phase, a thin crescent appears at morning twilight, again accompanied by earthshine. Finally, the cycle ends and another beg
12、ins with a dark moon: another new moon. The lunar cycle takes 29.5 days to complete-a period known as a synodic month or the moons synodic period.7 At its full phase, the moons intensity is about one millionth that of the sun, and it is possible to read a newspaper by the light of the moon. The full
13、 moon nearest the autumnal equinox in September is called the Harvest Moon. The Harvest Moon Uushers in/U a period of several successive days when the moon rises in the northeast soon after sunset. This phenomenon gives farmers in temperate latitudes extra hours of light in which to harvest their cr
14、ops before frost and winter come. The full moon following the Harvest Moon is called the Hunters Moon and is accompanied by a similar but less marked phenomenon of early moonrise.（分数：6.50）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? I
15、ncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The only object circling the earth that is not man-made is the moon, our closest satellite. B. The earth has several natural satellites, but the moon has only one natural satellite. C. The moon is closer to
16、the earths surface than are other moons to other planets surfaces. D. At some times during its orbit, the moon is closer to the earth than it is at other times.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word Ueccentricity/U in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A. speed B. beauty C. abnormality D. distance（分数：0.50）
17、A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase Udevoid of/U in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to A. similar to B. without any C. covered by D. colder than（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the naming of the dark areas on the moons surface? A. People once thought the moon c
18、ontained large bodies of water. B. The moons oceans and seas are named after places on the earth. C. The dark areas are the result of underwater volcanic eruptions. D. The first astronauts named the body of water in which they landed.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).All of the following occur during a lunar cyc
19、le EXCEPT: A. The dark side of the moon faces the earth. B. A thin crescent moon appears in the evening. C. The moon forms a right angle with the earth-sun line. D. All sides of the moon are seen from the earth.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).Which statement is true of a gibbous moon? A. A gibbous moon cannot
20、be seen from the earth. B. A gibbous moon is more than halfway full. C. A gibbous moon has its own source of light. D. A gibbous moon immediately follows a new moon.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The word wane in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to A. glow brightly B. appear smaller C. change color D. rise e
21、arlier（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).The period of time between successive new moons is known as A. an elliptical orbit B. moonrise C. a waxing moon D. a synodic month（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).At what point in the lunar cycle is the dark side of the moon faintly illuminated? A. When the moon is just past full B. W
22、hen the sun, earth, and moon are aligned C. Just before and just after the new moon D. During the fifth and sixth phases（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).The phrase ushers in in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to A. prevents B. invades C. separates D. introduces（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).According to the passage,
23、which of the following is a benefit of the Harvest Moon? A. The moon forecasts clear weather for several days. B. The moon indicates the best time to harvest crops. C. Farmers are able to work by moonlight. D. The beginning of winter is delayed.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares, , , , a
24、nd , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This is because tidal distortion by the earth over time has slowed the moons rotation period to match its orbital period.The moon rotates slowly on its axis, making one complete rotation
25、 in a period of time exactly equal to its orbit around the earth. Thus, the moon keeps the same hemisphere or face turned toward the earth at all times. We do not, however, always see only half of the moons surface from the earth. The eccentricity of the lunar orbit allows us to see additional lunar
26、 surface through irregular movements called librations, which expose an extra 1 8 percent of the moons surface at one time or another. （分数：0.50）填空项 1:_(13).An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that e
27、xpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.E.F.三、BPart 2/B(总题数：2，分数：13.50)ORIGINS OF THE NATURE MOVEME
28、NT1 The nature preservation movement is based on the belief that we should respect the natural environment and work to protect it for others to enjoy. The movement had its origins in a nineteenth-century geological study of the American West. In 1871 the director of the United States Geological Surv
29、ey invited a painter named Thomas Moran to join a government expedition that would explore the Yellowstone area of Wyoming. At that time, Yellowstone was largely unknown except for the tales of mysterious mud lakes and geysers. UMorans role in the expedition was funded partly by the Northern Pacific
30、 Railroad, whose directors thought that an artists images of Yellowstone might help create a new tourist destination/U. Besides Moran, the expedition included a photographer who provided an Uobjective/U record of Yellowstones geothermal wonders. Morans watercolors supplied the color the photographs
31、could not, and the photographs confirmed the reality of Morans strange sketches of geysers and steaming lakes.2 The expedition was the Uturning point/U in Thomas Morans career. Lacking formal training, he was essentially self-taught, spending his early career copying the works of English landscape p
32、ainters. Then the expedition allowed the artist to combine his personal vision with his public role as educator of a national audience. His watercolors of Yellowstone portrayed its Uglorious/U features in a way that increased their emotional impact. Yet in the majestic Western landscape there were s
33、ome scenes that neither a photograph nor a watercolor could adequately convey. One of these was the view down into the deep chasm of the Yellowstone River, toward the waterfall. As soon as Moran returned east, he painted the scene in oil from memory and imagination on an eight-by-fourteen-foot canva
34、s. The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone became the first landscape by an American artist ever bought by the U.S. government.3 Meanwhile, the expedition leader and the railroad had been lobbying Congress to set aside Yellowstone as a national park. To prove Yellowstones uniqueness and beauty, Morans w
35、atercolor sketches were displayed in the U.S. Capitol. In 1872, President Grant signed a law preserving the whole Yellowstone area, thirty-five hundred square miles, as the worlds first national park. Artists rarely have such an immediate impact on the political process, and the accomplishment is a
36、tribute to the passion of Morans vision.4 Another person who influenced the publics Uperception/U of nature was the Canadian wildlife artist and writer Ernest Thompson Seton. During his long life as a naturalist, explorer, and educator, Seton promoted the idea that nature is something to be respecte
37、d and preserved. He was a fascinating storyteller who wrote and illustrated over 60 books and several hundred articles and short stories.5 Seton was born in England in 1860 and immigrated to Canada at the age of six. Active in art from an early age, at twenty-one he joined two older brothers on thei
38、r farm in Manitoba, Canada. Seton was always interested in his natural surroundings and devoted much of his time to studying and drawing wild animals, sometimes counting every feather on the wing of a bird. Self-trained as a biologist, he started out as a naturalist and scientific illustrator for th
39、e government of Manitoba. Around the same time, he began writing as well. One of Setons most popular and dramatic wilderness stories, “Lobo,“ told of his hunt for a legendary gray wolf in New Mexico. The story of Lobo was first published in a popular magazine, and later with other stories in book fo
40、rm as Wild Animals I Have Known. This book has never been out of print since it first appeared in 1898. Seton also wrote a series of magazine articles that taught children about nature, camping, hiking, and woodcraft. As a key Ufigure/U in the woodcraft movement and in the early history of the Boy S
41、couts of America, Seton inspired thousands of children to appreciate the natural world.6 The enduring message of both Thomas Moran and Ernest Thompson Seton was that nature is beautiful, noble, and deserving of our respect and protection. They believed that people should become close with nature and
42、 educate others about it. The remarkable extent to which we have become a society of nature lovers can be attributed to their vision and influence.（分数：6.50）(1).According to paragraph 1, the primary purpose of the 1871 expedition to Yellowstone was to A. search for suitable land to build a railroad B
43、. study a region that was not well known C. provide an artist with new subjects to paint D. preserve the area as a national park（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in impo
44、rtant ways or leave out essential information. A. Moran asked the directors of the railroad to finance the expedition so tourists would want to visit Yellowstone by train. B. Yellowstone was not a popular tourist destination until Moran created images that convinced the railroad that this was a good
45、 idea. C. The railroad helped pay for Moran to join the expedition because its directors wanted pictures to promote tourism in Yellowstone. D. The directors of the railroad believed that Moran was the best artist for the expedition because his paintings were very famous.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The word
46、 Uobjective/U in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. opposing B. realistic C. creative D. blurry（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does the author use the phrase Uturning point/U in discussing Morans career in paragraph 2? A. To show that Moran became successful because of the expedition B. To explain why
47、 Moran changed his focus to landscape painting C. To describe how public opinion about art education changed D. To state that at first Moran did not want to go on the expedition（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word glorious in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A. dangerous B. hidden C. wonderful D. simpl
48、e（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).What is The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone? A. A watercolor sketch B. An early photograph C. An oil painting D. A book title（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that A. there were many art lovers in the U.S. government in 1872 B. President Grant visited Yellowstone before signing the law C. politicians knew more about art than the general public did D. Morans artistry helped inspire the national park concept（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).The word perception in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. view B. exploitation
