1、职称英语卫生类 A 级真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.I wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse. A. afraid B. anxious C. sure D. sad（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.She always finds fault with everything A. simplifies B. criticizes C. evaluates D. examines（分数：1.00）A.B.C
2、.D.3.At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened. A. give B. attach C. lose D. understand（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch. A. instructing B. pushing C. notifying D. inviting（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.Jane said that she couldnt tolerate the l
3、ong hours. A. stand B. spend C. take D. last（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.The sea turtles natural habitat has been considerably reduced. A. suddenly B. greatly C. generally D. slightly（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do. A. saying B. doubting C. thinking D. knowing
4、（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.At 80, Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris. A. happy B. energetic C. alone D. busy（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children. A. reported B. proved C. caught D. praised（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.He asserted that nuclear power was a s
5、afe and non-polluting energy source. A. maintained B. recommended C. considered D. acknowledged（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.It is possible to approach the problem in a different way. A. handle B. raise C. pose D. experience（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college stu
6、dents taking science courses. A. relative B. general C. continuous D. sharp（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.For some obscure reason,the simple game is becoming very popular. A. obvious B. major C. unclear D. minor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.The decision to invade provoked storms of protest. A. ignored B. organized C. ca
7、used D. received（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage. A. turning B. jumping C. shouting D. shaking（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Relieving the Pain“Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,“say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. “Peo
8、ple with chronic pain need to stop lying around,go out more, and start exercising. “The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and t
9、iredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.Lumbar(腰部的)pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary(久坐不动的 )lifestyle. Lack of ex
10、ercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽), the body s“feel-good“chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are
11、 now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise caus
12、e of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. “Its crazy,“says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. “Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors Ive just
13、seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names. “A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as
14、much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice train chi(太极) ,self-defense,and deep thoug
15、ht. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hoursphysiotherapy(理疗)a week in a traditional hospital program. “The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy,flexibility, and confidence,“explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. “Patients undergoing this therap
16、y get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment. /（分数：7.00）(1).To treat pain,patients should stop moving around.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.N
17、ot mentioned(3).Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.（分数：1.00）A.
18、RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Exercise helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Owls and Larks (锚
19、头鹰与云雀)1. In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight of more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously lear
20、ned things. If this process is interrupted by, say, the sound of an alarm clock, it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that its difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particu
21、lar occasion.2. The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for exampl
22、e, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning. 3. “The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the earl
23、y hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning-an owls or a larks lifesty
24、le? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.4. As for naps,experts on insomnia (失眠) argue against taking naps, as these may keep peop
25、le up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, its not only naps that you should avoid. Try not
26、to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine(尼古丁) ,do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. Ho
27、wever, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in. A. Which is better, being an owl or a lark? B. What should we avoid? C. What helps us fall asleep? D. What makes people ow
28、ls or larks E. Why do we need sleep? F. How much sleep do we need.?（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5). A. stay up till the early hours of the morning B. sleep enough to bring most refreshmen
29、t C. rebuild memories stored during the day D. store memories in the brain E. get up quite early F. keep away from coffee in the eveningSleep helps brain to_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Parents with very young children tend to_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).A good lifestyle means one can_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).It is go
30、od advice for most people to_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory c
31、ommunication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive (蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appro
32、priate effective, and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and no self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders(入侵者). Virtually every body
33、cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a selfmarker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known as self-toler-ance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself
34、molecule, the system has the ability to“remember“ the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体) passed during lactation (哺乳期), this so called immune system memory i
35、s not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must “learn“ from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and
36、counteract each nonself invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原), which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as al
37、lergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens;because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unl
38、ess they are first brokendown by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位),which protrude(突 出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry se
39、veral different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situation does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.（分数
40、：15.00）(1).What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?（分数：3.00）A.The immune systems memory.B.Immune troops eliminating intruders.C.Bees flying around a hive.D.A sea of microbes.(2).The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a st
41、ate known as（分数：3.00）A.self-toleranceB.balanceC.harmonyD.tolerance(3).How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign“or“nonself“?（分数：3.00）A.Through an allergic response.B.Through blood type.C.Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.D.Through fine hairs protruding from the anti
42、gen surfac(4).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：3.00）A.Allergens are usually harmful substances.B.Antigens can trigger an immune response.C.People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.D.There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.(5).Which of the following bes
43、t expresses the main idea of this passage?（分数：3.00）A.An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.B.One of the immune systems primary functions is the allergic response.C.The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.D.The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish
44、 between self and nonself六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Cell Phones:Hang Up or Keep Talking?Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more tha
45、n a means of communication-having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In E
46、ngland. there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.On the other hand,why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some pe
47、ople who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning(扫描)equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldnt remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of
48、his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day,every day of his working week,for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employers doctor didnt agree.What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation.
49、High-techma-chines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.As the discussion about their safety continues,it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want
