1、职称英语卫生类 A 级真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项（第 1-15 题，每题 1(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The drinking water has become （contaminated） with lead. （分数：1.00）A.treatedB.testedC.corruptedD.polluted2.Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law. （分数：1.00）A.moralB.regularC.fundamentalD.hard3.Th
2、e rules are too （rigid） to allow for humane error. （分数：1.00）A.inflexibleB.generalC.complexD.direct4.She （shed） a few tears at her daughters wedding. （分数：1.00）A.wipedB.injectedC.removedD.produced5.They didnt seem to appreciate the （magnitude） of the problem. （分数：1.00）A.existenceB.importanceC.causeD.s
3、ituation6.The contract between the two companies will （expire） soon. （分数：1.00）A.endB.shortenC.startD.resume7.The proposal was （endorsed） by the majority of members. （分数：1.00）A.approvedB.rejectedC.submittedD.considered8.The police will need to keep a （wary） eye on this area of town. （分数：1.00）A.nakedB
4、.cautiousC.blindD.private9.Many experts remain （skeptical） about his claims. （分数：1.00）A.untouchedB.certainC.doubtfulD.silent10.Rumors began to （circulate） about his financial problems. （分数：1.00）A.sendB.hearC.confirmD.spread11.Three world-class tennis players came to （contend） for this title. （分数：1.0
5、0）A.argueB.competeC.claimD.wish12.The tower remains （intact） even after two hundred years. （分数：1.00）A.unknownB.unusualC.undamagedD.unstable13.The methods of communication used during the war were （primitive）. （分数：1.00）A.reliableB.effectiveC.simpleD.alternative14.Come out, or Ill （bust） the door down
6、. （分数：1.00）A.shutB.setC.beatD.break15.This species has nearly （died out） because its habitat is being destroyed. （分数：1.00）A.turned deadB.passed byC.become extinctD.carried away二、第 2 部分：阅读判断（第 16-22 题，每题(总题数：1，分数：7.00)In Your Face Why is this man so angry? We dont know the reason, but we can see the
7、emotion in his face. Whatever culture you come from, you can expressing. Forty years ago, psychologist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how peoples faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed t
8、hem to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fore had never seen foreign faces, but they easily understood Americans expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise. Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to
9、Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading the emotions on the Fore peoples faces. Ekmans research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the
10、 same results. According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into our brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it mig
11、ht be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example, two people might smell newly cut grass. One person spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad. But we
12、can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry and we can think before we react. There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a smile is exactly the same everywhere.（分数：7.00）(1).Paul Ekman studies peoples f
13、aces in different cultures.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New Guinea（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Ekman thinks t
14、hat some basic emotions are the same everywhere.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).People of different
15、 cultures smile when they understand each other.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子（第 23-3(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Organic Food: Why? 1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of orga
16、nic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural”. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses. 2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural rather than ma
17、n-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much foo
18、d can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertiliser are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by transporting food. 3. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to r
19、eject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have an
20、y noticeable effect on health 4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked,
21、 the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up. 5. The noti
22、on that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins. As one research expert says: “People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the o
23、pposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you. Naturally many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.” A. Main reason for the popularity of organ
24、ic food B. Description of organic farming C. Factors that affect food health value D. Testing the taste of organic food E. Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food F. Research into whether organic food is better（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph 2（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(3).
25、Paragraph 3（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 4（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(5).A. show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B. be specially trained C. improve soil quality D. poison you E. be eaten F. affect their nutritional content Techniques of organic farming help _.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.
26、(6).There is no convincing evidence to _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(7).The weather conditions during the growth of crops _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(8).The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to _.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.四、第 4 部分：阅读理解（第 31-45 题，每题(总题数：3，分数：45.00)第一篇 Why Dont Babies
27、 Talk Like Adults? Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to baby talk. One states that a young childs brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that
28、a childs vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Childrens mathematical knowledge develops in the same way. In 2007, researchers at Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found
29、 a clever way to test them. More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S. each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants do 一 that is, by listening and by trial and error. International a
30、doptees dont take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them dont have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language is learned Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeke
31、r, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-bo
32、rn infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft (缺乏的）of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip. The adoptees and native children started combining wo
33、rds in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matters is not how old you are or how mature your brain is, but the number of words you know. This finding 一 that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddle-talk stage 一 suggests tha
34、t babies speak in baby talk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an
35、 adult is a gradual process. But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants who learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there
36、is a “critical period“ for language development, after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency. Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends.（分数：15.00）(1).What is the writers main purpose in Paragraph 2? （分数：3.00）A.To reject the view that adopted children need
37、 two languages.B.To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language.C.To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study.D.To justify a particular approach to language learning.(2).Snedekert Geren and Shafto based their study on children who （分数：3.00）A.were finding it difficult
38、 to learn English.B.were learning English at a later age than US children.C.had come from a number of language backgrounds.D.had taken English lessons in China.(3).What aspect of the adopted childrens language development differed from that of US-born children? （分数：3.00）A.The rate at which they acqu
39、ired language.B.Their first words.C.The way they learn English.D.The point at which they started producing sentences.(4).What does the Harvard finding show? （分数：3.00）A.Not all toddlers use baby talk.B.Some children need more conversation than others.C.Language learning takes place in ordered steps.D
40、.Not all brains work in the same way.(5).When the writer says “critical period“, he means a period when（分数：3.00）A.studies produce useful results.B.adults need to be taught like children.C.language learning takes place effectively.D.immigrants want to learn another language.第二篇 DNA Fingerprinting DNA
41、 is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of each individual is unique. DNA fingerprinting is sometimes c
42、alled DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments a
43、re marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person. DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique i
44、n 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence coll
45、ected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects.Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, a
46、nd the possible misuse of the technique. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprin
47、ting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also,since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results. DNA fingerprinting is expensiv
48、e. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence. Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.（分数：15.00）(1).If two sisters a
49、re identical twins, their complete DNAs are （分数：3.00）A.the same.B.unique.C.different.D.similar.(2).DNA fingerprinting is a technique of （分数：3.00）A.grouping DNA strands into structures.B.segmenting DNA with probesC.constructing body tissues by enzymes.D.identifying a person by comparing DNAs(3).DNA fingerprinting was first used in （分数：3.00）A.criminal investigation.B.animal reproduction.C.private laboratoriesD.genetic disease detection.(4).People question the reliability of DNA fingerprinting for （分数：3.00）A.the subjective interpretation of test results.B.its comple
