1、专业英语八级（阅读）-试卷130及答案解析 (总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：11，分数：44.00)1.PART II READING COMPREHENSION_2.SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested
2、 answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer._From the Chrysler Corporation to the Central Intelligence Agency, cultural diversity programs are flourishing in American organizations today. Firms can no longer safely assume that every employee walking in the door h
3、as similar beliefs or expectations. Whereas North American white males may believe in challenging authority, Asians tend to respect and defer to it. In Hispanic cultures, people often bring music, food, and family members to work, a custom that U. S. businesses have traditionally not allowed. A job
4、applicant who wont make eye contact during an interview may be rejected for being unapproachable, when according to her culture, she was just being polite. As a larger number of women, minorities, and immigrants enter the U. S. work force, the workplace is growing more diverse. It is estimated that
5、by 2008 women will make up about 48 percent of the U. S. work force, and African Americans and Hispanics will each account for about 11 percent; by the year 2050, minorities will make up over 50 percent of the American population.Cultural diversity refers to the differences among people in a work fo
6、rce due to race, ethnicity, and gender. Increasing cultural diversity is forcing managers to learn to supervise and motivate people with a broader range of values systems. According to a recent survey by the American Management Association, half of all U. S. employers have established some kind of f
7、ormal initiative to promote and manage cultural diversity. Although demographics isnt the only reason for the growth of these programs, it is a compelling one. An increasing number of organizations have come to believe that diversity, like quality and customer service, is a competitive edge. A more
8、diverse work force provides a wider range of ideas and perspectives and fosters creativity and innovation. Avenues for encouraging diversity include recruiting at historically black colleges and universities, training and development, mentoring, and revamped promotion review policies. To get out the
9、 message about their commitment to diversity, many organizations establish diversity councils made up of employees, managers, and executives. Although many Fortune 500 companies are making diversity part of their strategic planning process, some programs stand out from the crowd. At Texas Instrument
10、s, strategies for enhancing diversity include an aggressive recruiting plan, diversity training, mentoring, and an incentive compensation program that rewards managers for fostering diversity. Each business unit has a diversity manager who implements these strategies and works closely with the compa
11、nys Diversity Network. The network provides a forum of employees to share ideas, solicit support, and build coalitions. Convinced that strengthening diversity is a business imperative, Du Pont has established several programs to achieve that goal. In addition to training workshops and mentoring, Du
12、Pont has established over 100 multicultural networks through which employees share work and life experiences and strive to help women and minorities reach higher levels of leadership and responsibility within the organization. Over half of Du Ponts new hires for professional and managerial positions
13、 are minorities and women. Disney Worlds director of diversity wants theme park guests to see themselves reflected in the diversity of Disneys employees. Working to attract diverse employees, Disney hopes to convince them that the organization understands, respects, and values who they are. By holdi
14、ng a variety of diversity celebrations every yearincluding Dr. Martin Luther Kings Birthday, Asian-Pacific Heritage Month, Hispanic Heritage Month, Disability Awareness Month, and Native American Heritage MonthDisney opens the door to this kind of understanding. What do we learn from strong, success
15、ful diversity program such as these, as well as similar programs at Microsoft, Xerox, Procter & Gamble and Digital Equipment Corporation? First, they can go a long way toward eliminating prejudice in the workplace and removing barriers to advancement. Second, to be more than just the latest corporat
16、e buzzword, diversity programs require commitment from the top and a culture that supports an inclusive environment.（分数：6.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as cultural diversity in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Asian people tend to show submissiveness to their seniors.B.Spanish-speaking people
17、 enjoy gathering with their family members.C.African people try to avoid eye contact to show their respect.D.Americans might be innovators defying the experts in some fields.(2).To be successful in business, a company should do all of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.setting up a division to supervi
18、se its employeesB.providing its clients with good servicesC.guaranteeing the products it has producedD.taking in employees with different cultural background(3).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that diversity programs_.（分数：2.00）A.have been put into practice by dozens of big corporationsB.m
19、ay provide the minorities with more chancesC.make no demand of managersD.have an effect on employees motivationMany thoughtful parents want to shield their children from feelings of guilt or shame in much the same way that they want to spare them from fear. Guilt and shame as methods of discipline a
20、re to be eschewed along with raised hands and leather straps. Fear, guilt and shame as methods of moral instruction are seen as failures in decent parenting. Parents want their children to be happy and how can you feel happy when you are feeling guilty, fearful or ashamed? If we were really convince
21、d that using fear, guilt or shame as methods of discipline worked, though, we might be more ready to use them as techniques. But we arent convinced that this is the case. We wont have more socially responsible people if fear, guilt and shame are part of their disciplinary diet as children. Instead,
22、we will simply have unhappy people. Responsible behavior has nothing to do with the traditional methods of raising moral children. This doesnt mean that guilt isnt an important feeling. It is. Guilt helps keep people on the right moral track. But guilt is a derivative emotion, one that follows from
23、having violated an internalized moral standard. This is far different than making someone feel guilty in order to create the standard in the first instance. My wife once edited a magazine about hunger. A view held by many associated with the sponsoring organization claimed: You cant get people to gi
24、ve money to starving children by making them feel guilty. So the magazine didnt show pictures of starving children, children with doleful eyes. Instead, there were photos of women in the fields, portraits of peasant farmers and pictures of political organizers. But the publishers werent completely r
25、ight about believing that guilt-inducing pictures dont lead to moral action. In fact, it was the graphic pictures of starving children in Somalia that called the worlds attention to the dire situation there. The power of television is that it does bring images of others tragedies directly into our h
26、ome. No rational analysis can do the same. When we are moved to pity, we should also be moved to action. If we dont do anything, then we feel guilty. We become part of the problem we see and feel guilty for letting bad things happen to people. How can I, good person that I am, let this continue? Wha
27、t have pricked the conscience here are guilty feelings. Guilty feelings arise when we have violated a moral norm that we accept as valid. A person who feels guilty, notes philosopher Herbert Morris, is one who has internalized norms and, as such, is committed to avoiding wrong. The mere fact that th
28、e wrong is believed to have occurred, regardless of who bears responsibility for it, naturally causes distress. When we are attached to a person, injury to that person causes us pain regardless of who or what has occasioned the injury. We neednt believe that we had control over hurting (or not helpi
29、ng) another person in order to feel guilty. Psychologists Nico Frijda and Batja Mesquita of the University of Amsterdam find that people feel guilty about having harmed someone even when it was accidental. Nearly half the people they interviewed felt guilty for having caused unintended harm, such as
30、 hurting ones mother when leaving home to marry. Unintentional harm may lead to as strong guilty feelings as intentional harm. In other words, being careless is as much a source of guilt as intentional harm. We say, If only I had been more careful, If only I had paid more attention, If only I were a
31、 better driver. The fact that a court may not even bring charges against you in the first place may help to assuage some of the pain but it doesnt remove all the feelings of guilt. The feeling is useful in so far as it makes us more cautious, makes us better drivers or moves us to socially responsib
32、le action. The sociopath never experiences such feelings and therefore poses a danger to society; the neurotic experiences so much of it that he cant function normally in society. Feeling guilty for harm you have caused when you arent responsible is possible because there is a more generalized readi
33、ness to accept responsibility for your actions. Guilt arises when we think we have had choices and then have made the wrong moral choice. Guilt and responsibility appear to go together. If we do harm and feel no guilty, then we dont believe we are responsible for what weve done. This means that we s
34、ee ourselves as victimsof circumstances, of coercion, of ignorance and so forth. Remember that people who think of themselves as victims do so because they believe they have no control over events in their lives. They dont feel responsible and therefore dont feel guilty either. Several tactics can b
35、e used in disavowing responsibility: following the crowd, it is someone elses problem, it was done under coercion. None of us is perfect and that we live in an imperfect world. This means that we cant avoid hurting others. If we accept this, then we have to accept guilty feelings as a consequence of
36、 being moral people.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements about guilt might the writer agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Guilt is used as a method to discipline children.B.To set up a moral standard, you should feel guilty.C.Guilt is a feeling that comes with breaking some moral standard.D.The feeling
37、 of guilt often goes together with shame and fear.(2).The publishers of the magazine mentioned in the third paragraph think_.（分数：2.00）A.guilt-inducing photos can bring on moral actionB.its not sure whether guilt-inducing photos bring on moral actionC.guilt-inducing photos partially help bring on mor
38、al actionD.moral action has nothing to do with guilt-inducing photos(3).People will feel painful when a person_is hurt no matter what causes the injury.（分数：2.00）A.they knowB.they loveC.they hateD.they value(4).The writer mentions_as a pair to indicate that people should have moderate feelings of gui
39、lt.（分数：2.00）A.eccentric people and fashionable peopleB.overanxious people and less sociable peopleC.sociable people and healthy peopleD.reserved people and radical people(5).Which of the following is NOT an excuse some people make for denying their responsibility?（分数：2.00）A.They went with the stream
40、.B.They were misled by others.C.They were forced to do it.D.Other people should bear the blame.High, high above the North Pole, on the first day of 1969, two professors of English literature approached each other at a combined velocity of 1,200 miles per hour. They were protected from the thin, cold
41、 air by the pressurized cabins of two Boeing 707s, and from the risk of collision by the prudent arrangement of the international air corridors. Although they had never met, the two men were known to each other by name. They were, in fact, in process of exchanging posts for the next six months, and
42、in an age of more leisurely transportation the intersection of their respective routes might have been marked by some interesting human gesture: had they waved, for example, from the decks of two ocean liners crossing in mid-Atlantic, each man simultaneously focusing a telescope, by chance, on the o
43、ther, with his free hand; or, more plausibly, a little mime of mutual appraisal might have been played out through the windows of two railway compartments halted side by side at the same station somewhere in Hampshire or the Mid-West, the more self-conscious party relieved to feel himself, at last,
44、moving off, only to discover that it is the other mans train that is moving first. However, it was not to be. Since the two men were in airplanes, and one was bored and the other frightened of looking out of the window; since, in any case, the planes were too distant from each other to be mutually v
45、isible with the naked eye, the crossing of their paths at the still point of the turning world passed unremarked by anyone other than the narrator of this duplex chronicle. Duplex as well as having the general meaning of two-fold applies in the jargon of electrical telegraphy to systems in which mes
46、sages are sent simultaneously in opposite directions. Imagine, if you will, that each of these two professors of English Literature is connected to his native land, place of employment and domestic hearth by an infinitely elastic cord of emotions, attitudes and values: a cord which stretches and str
47、etches almost to the point of invisibility, but never quite to breaking-point, as he hurtles through the air at 600 miles per hour. Imagine that when the two men alight in each others territory, and go about their business and pleasure, whatever vibrations are passed back by one to his native habita
48、t will be felt by the other, and vice versa, and thus return to the transmitter subtly modified by the response of the other party; may, indeed, return to him along the other partys cord of communication, which is, after all, anchored in the place where he has just arrived. One of these differences we can take in at a glance from our privileged narrative altitude (higher than that of any jet). It is obvious, from his stiff, upright posture, and fulsome gratitude to the stewardess serving him a glass of
