1、Designation: F2437/F2437M 17Standard Specification forCarbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type DirectTension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors,and Studs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2437/F2437M; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the requirements fo
3、r carbonand alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indi-cators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension incap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.1.2 Direct tension indicators in inch sizes14 through 212 in.and metric sizes M6 and M72 are covered.1.3 Direct tension indicators
4、 have two styles and fourgrades for inch fasteners, Grades 5, 8, 55, and 105, and twoproperty classes for metric fasteners, property classes 8.8 and10.9 each of which differ in their compressive load require-ments at a given gap (see Table 1 and Table 2).1.3.1 Style 1 DTIs are suitable for comparati
5、vely smallerbearing surfaces. Style 1 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8,which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at aprescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).1.3.2 Style 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively largebearing surfaces. Style 2 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and105, which d
6、iffer in the amount of tension they indicate at aprescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installationunder a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardenedwasher or other flat hardened surface.1.5 Recommended FastenersFasteners meeting the re
7、-quirements of the standards referenced in Table 3 are consid-ered compatible with the DTI grade or class listed.1.6 The values stated for Inch DTIs are expressed ininch-pound units and for Metric DTIs values are expressed inSI units.The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
8、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only t
9、othe test method portions, Section 12of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of
10、 regulatory limita-tions prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World T
11、rade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A193/A193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and StainlessSteel Bolting for High Temperature or High PressureService and Other Special Purpose ApplicationsA194/A194M Specification for Carbon Steel, Al
12、loy Steel,and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure orHigh Temperature Service, or BothA307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, andThreaded Rod 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthA354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy SteelBolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
13、A449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsB695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and SteelF436/F436M Specification for Hardened Stee
14、l Washers Inch1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved March 15, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous editi
15、on approved in 2014 as F243714. DOI:10.1520/F2437_F2437M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*
16、A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab
17、lished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.111 and Metric DimensionsF606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalProperties of Externally an
18、d Internally ThreadedFasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance InspectionF1554 Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and105-ksi Yield StrengthTABLE 1 Acceptable Range of Compression Load
19、Afor Inch DTIsDTINominalDiameter(in.)Mean Compression LoadBRangein Pounds (lbs)Style 1Mean Compression LoadCRangein Pounds (lbs)Style 2Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 55 Grade 10514 2200 to 2450 3100 to 3450 . . . . . .516 3500 to 3850 4950 to 5500 . . . . . .38 5300 to 5850 7500 to 8300 . . . . . .716 7200 t
20、o 7900 10 100 to 11 200 . . . . . .12 9700 to 10 700 13 700 to 15 340 4450 to 4900 8500 to 9400916 12 350 to 13 600 17 400 to 19 200 5700 to 6300 10 900 to 12 05058 15 550 to 17 200 21 850 to 24 200 7050 to 7800 13 500 to 15 00034 22 600 to 25 000 31 900 to 35 300 10 500 to 11 600 20 000 to 22 15078
21、 30 850 to 34 100 43 550 to 48 100 14 500 to 16 000 27 650 to 30 5501 40 200 to 44 400 56 700 to 62 700 19 000 to 21 000 36 250 to 40 100118 40 250 to 44 450 73 150 to 80 900 23 950 to 26 450 47 300 to 52 300114 51 100 to 56 450 91 750 to 101 450 30 400 to 33 600 59 850 to 66 150138 61 150 to 67 600
22、 112 450 to 124 250 38 550 to 42 600 73 800 to 81 600112 74 350 to 82 150 135 150 to 149 400 44 050 to 48 700 89 300 to 98 700158 . . . . . . 55 800 to 61 700 106 200 to 117 400134 74 450 to 82 300 177 850 to 196 500 59 550 to 65 850 124 600 to 137 750178 . 206 050 to 227 750 75 550 to 83 500 144 50
23、0 to 159 7002 98 000 to 108 300 236 850 to 261 750 78 650 to 86 950 165 800 to 183 300214 127 400 to 140 800 277 900 to 307 100 102 050 to 112 750 212 900 to 235 350212 156 750 to 173 250 379 600 to 419 600 125 400 to 138 600 240 550 to 265 850ACompression load requirements establish the capability
24、of the direct tension indicators to satisfy typical tension requirements for these grades. The user is not obligedto install fasteners and DTIs to these tensions, and is free to specify installation to lower tension values. When so specified, the DTI supplier shall provide a load-gap curvein accorda
25、nce with 15.2 to enable the user to select the appropriate gap criteria for the intended target tension of the application.BThe Mean compression load values for Grades 5 and 8 in nominal sizes up through 1-12 in are based upon 75% of the proof load for SAE J429 cap screws. For Grade5 in nominal size
26、s over 1-12 in and up to 2-12 in inclusive, the mean compression load values are based on 75% of the proof load for ASTM A449. For grade 8 in nominalsizes over 1-12 in and up to 2-12 in inclusive, mean compression load values are based upon 75 % of the proof load for ASTM A354BD.CMean compression lo
27、ad values for Grades 55 and 105 are based upon 60 % of the yield strength for the matching fasteners on which they are used.TABLE 2 Acceptable Range of Compression LoadAfor Metric DTIsNominal Diameter (M) Mean Compression Load Range in kNProperty Class 8.8 Property Class 10.9M6 8 to 9 12 to 13M8 15
28、to 17 22 to 24M10 24 to 27 35 to 38M12 35 to 39 50 to 55M14 48 to 53 68 to 75M16 65 to 72 93 to 103M18 82 to 91 114 to 125M20 105 to 116 145 to 160M22 130 to 143 179 to 198M24 151 to 167 209 to 231M27 196 to 217 271 to 300M30 240 to 265 332 to 367M33 297 to 328 410 to 454M36 349 to 386 483 to 534M39
29、 417 to 461 577 to 638M42 479 to 529 662 to 732M45 560 to 619 775 to 856M48 628 to 695 869 to 961M52 752 to 832 1041 to 1150M56 868 to 959 1200 to 1327M60 1009 to 1115 1396 to 1543M64 1146 to 1266 1585 to 1752M68 1308 to 1446 1810 to 2000M72 1479 to 1635 2046 to 2262AThe Mean compression load values
30、 for property classes 8.8 and 10.9 are based upon 75% of the proof load for ISO 898-1 Bolts/Stud/Screws.F2437/F2437M 17211 F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatingson Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric2.2 ASME Standards:3ASME B18.2.1 Sq
31、uare and Hex Bolts and Screws, InchSeriesASME B18.2.2 Nuts for General Applications: MachineScrew Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts(Inch Series)ASME B18.2.8 Clearance Holes for Bolts Screws, and Studs2.3 SAE Standards:4SAE J429 Mechanical and Material Requirements for Exter-nally Thre
32、aded FastenersSAE J995 Mechanical and Material Requirements for SteelNuts2.4 ISO Standards5ISO 887 : Plain washers for metric bolts, screws and nuts forgeneral purposes - General planISO 898-1 : Mechanical properties of fasteners made ofcarbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws andstuds w
33、ith specified property classes - Coarse thread andfine pitchISO 898-2 : Mechanical properties of fasteners made ofcarbon steel and alloy steel Part 2: Nuts with specifiedproperty classes Coarse thread and fine pitch threadISO 4014 : Hexagon head bolts - Product grades A and BISO 4032 : Hexagon regul
34、ar nuts (style 1) - Product gradesA and BISO 7089 : Plain washers Normal series Product gradeA3. Terminology3.1 For terminology definitions refer to Terminology F1789.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for direct tension indicators under this specifica-tion shall include the following:4.1.1 Quantity
35、(number of pieces);4.1.2 Name of product (direct tension indicator);4.1.3 Size, that is, nominal diameter;4.1.4 ASTM designation and year of issue (if not specified,current issue shall be used);4.1.5 Grade: Grade 5, 8, 55 or 105 for inch products orproperty class 8.8 or 10.9 for metric products.4.1.
36、5.1 Style 2Either Grade 55 or Grade 105,4.1.5.2 Style 1Either Grade 5 or Grade 8;4.1.6 Finish or coating type, if required (5.4);4.1.7 Source inspection, if required (Section 13);4.1.8 Test Reports, if required (Section 15); and4.1.9 Any special requirements, including those for load-gap curves or o
37、ther special test data, as well as intended bolt,anchor, or stud tension, if known.4.2 Recommended FastenersFasteners meeting the re-quirements of the Standards referenced in Table 1 are consid-ered compatible with the DTI type(s) listed.4.2.1 Coating or plating of previously tested DTIs requiresret
38、esting. See 10.3.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Direct tension indicators shall have a configurationproduced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar formingto permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed incompression.5.2 The design shall be such that the degree of plasticdeformation
39、of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in atightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud.5.3 Heat Treatment:3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4Available from Society of Aut
40、omotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.TABLE 3 Recommended Fa
41、stenersSeries/Grade or Property Class Recommended Cap Screws,Bolts, Anchors, or StudsARecommendedNutsBRecommendedFlat WashersInchFastenersStyle 2 Grade55Specification F1554 Grade 55Specification A307Specification A194/A194M2HSpecification A563 A, C,DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 2 Grade105Specifica
42、tion A193/A193M B7Specification F1554 Grade 105Specification A194/A194M2HSpecification A563 DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 1 Grade5Specification A449, SpecificationA354 BCSAE J429 Grade 5SAE J995 Grade 5Specification A563 B, C, D,DHSpecification F436/F436MStyle 1 Grade8Specification A354 BDSAE J429
43、 Grade 8SAE J995 Grade 8Specification A563 D, DHSpecification F436/F436MMetric Fas-tenersProperty Class8.8Specification ISO 898-1Class 8.8Specification ISO 898-2Class 10Specification ISO 887 (300HV)DIN 125 Part 2Property Class10.9Specification ISO 898-1Class 10.9Specification ISO 898-2Class 10Specif
44、ication ISO 887 (300HV)ISO 7089AA Inch bolt and cap screw dimensions are designated in ASME B18.2.1 and metric bolt dimensions are designated in ISO 4014.BInch nuts dimensions are designated in ASME B18.2.2 and metric nut dimensions are designated in ISO 4032.F2437/F2437M 17311 5.3.1 The heat treatm
45、ent of DTIs is optional at the manu-facturers discretion, provided the DTIs meet all of the me-chanical and performance requirements.5.3.2 When heat treatment is performed, the process shall bethrough-hardening by heating to a temperature above the uppertransformation temperature, quenching in a liq
46、uid medium, andtempering by heating to a suitable temperature.5.4 Protective Coatings or Platings:5.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the direct tension indica-tors shall be furnished “plain” with the “as-fabricated” surfacefinish without protective coatings.5.4.2 When “coated” is specified, the direc
47、t tension indica-tors shall be processed in accordance with the requirements ofSpecification B695 for mechanical zinc, or SpecificationF1941/F1941M for electroplated zinc. The class and type offinish is at the discretion of the supplier unless specificallyindicated by the purchaser.5.4.3 Direct tens
48、ion indicator manufacturers are free to offerother coatings, platings, or finishes when specified. However,application of any such coating, plating, or finish shall not beundertaken without the approval of the direct tension indicatormanufacturer.5.5 All direct tension indicators shall have circumfe
49、rentialindentations spaced equally around the outside circumference,corresponding to and in alignment with each space between theprotrusions. Indentations shall be clearly visible but not solarge as to interfere with the function of the direct tensionindicator (see Fig. 1).5.5.1 The circumferential indentations indicate where feelergages, if used, are to be inserted during installation inspections,and further make it visually obvious that a direct tensionindicator (rather than a flat washer) has been used in theassembly.6.
