1、Designation: D202 17Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover procedu
3、res for sampling andtesting untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator oras a constituent of a composite material used for electricalinsulating purposes.1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laiddown from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usuallycellulosic) with or w
4、ithout various amounts of nonfibrousingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtaindesired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methodsare applicable, generally although not invariably, to papersformed by other means, to papers modified (during or afterformation) by addition
5、s, and to papers given subsequentmechanical treatments such as creping.1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material,paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to amanufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or var-nish treatment.1.1.3 The test methods given herein wer
6、e developed spe-cifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.)or less.Anumber of these test methods are also suitable for useon other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to TestMethods D3376 or D3394 to determine which tests areapplicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards
7、. In the paperindustry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm aretermed “paperboard”. Such products are included within thescope of these methods.1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids otherthan water. Thicknes
8、ses of these mats approach 2 mm, and thefibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, orinorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inor-ganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure SectionsASTM or TAPPIRefe
9、rence(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 .Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 .Ash Content 40 to 44 D586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D774/D774MChlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 .Conditioning 15 D6054Conducting Paths 13
10、8 to 151 .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 .Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores 16 to 24 D374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D1030Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to
11、 28 D646Permittivity 158 to 164 D150Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D689 or T 414Moisture Content 34 to 39 D644 and D3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 .Particulate Iron 184 to 192 .Reagents 4 D1193Reports 14 E29Sampling 6 to 13
12、D3636Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard 203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D528 and T 455Tensile Properties 111 to 120 D76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D3741.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and theStain Test for Fine Pores, have
13、 been removed from thiscompilation of test methods. These test methods were specificto grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by SpecificationD1930, which has been withdrawn.NOTE 1This compilation of test methods is closely related to IECPublication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods inc
14、luded herein areincluded in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in thetwo standards are in general sufficiently close to each other that it isreasonable to expect that test results obtained by most of the proceduress
15、pecified in either standard will not differ significantly. However, beforeassuming that a procedure in these test methods is exactly equivalent to anIEC 60554-2 procedure, the written procedures must be compared closely,and if it seems advisable, test results by the two procedures are compared.1Thes
16、e test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1924. Last
17、previous edition approved in 2008 as D202 08. DOI:10.1520/D0202-17.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance
18、 with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.156 1.4 The values stated in SI units
19、are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
20、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1,143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing
21、 Machines for TextilesD149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permit-tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical InsulationD374 Test Methods
22、for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation (Metric) D0374_D0374MD528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and PaperProducts (Withdrawn 2009)3D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying (W
23、ithdrawn 2010)3D646 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Paper andPaperboard of Aramid Papers (Basis Weight)D689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper(Withdrawn 2009)3D726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper toPassage of Air (Withdrawn 2009)3D774/D774M Test Method for Burst
24、ing Strength of Paper(Withdrawn 2010)3D827 Method of Test for Edge Tearing Strength of Paper(Withdrawn 1980)3D1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-boardD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1389 Test Method for Proof-Voltage Testing of Thin SolidElectrical Insulating Materials (Wit
25、hdrawn 2013)3D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper andPlastics Film by the M.I.T. TesterD2413 Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper andBoard Impregnated with a Liquid DielectricD2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipm
26、entfor Electrical Insulating Materials TestingD3277 Test Methods for Moisture Content of Oil-Impregnated Cellulosic Insulation (Withdrawn 2010)3D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to beUsed in the Manufacture of Electrical InsulationD3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical
27、Insulating BoardD3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating MaterialsD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Mate-rials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)3E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Tes
28、t Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass Electrode2.2 TAPPI Standards:4T 414 Internal Tearing Resistance of PaperT 423 Folding Endurance of Paper (Schopper Type Test)T 444 Silver Tarnishing by Paper and PaperboardT 455 Identification
29、 of Wire Side of PaperT 460 Air Resistance of Paper (Gurley Method)T 470 Edge Tearing Resistance of PaperT 536 Resistance of Paper to Passage of Air (High PressureGurley Method)2.3 IEC Standard:IEC 60554-2 Specification for Cellulosic Papers for Electri-cal PurposesPart 2: Methods of Test53. Termino
30、logy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions pertaining to sampling refer to Termi-nology D1711 or to Practice D3636.3.1.2 For definitions pertaining to dissipation factor andpermittivity refer to Terminology D1711 or to Test MethodsD150.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air resi
31、stance, of paper, na paper property whichquantifies impediment to the transverse passage of air throughthe paper under specific conditions of test, and reported aseither time for a specified volume per area of test or volume fora specified time per area of test.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt is expressed in t
32、erms of time (sec-onds) required for passage of a specified volume of air througha known area of paper, or, as the volume of air passing throughthe paper in a given length of time.3.2.2 ash content of paper, nthe solid residue remainingafter combustion of the paper under specified conditions,express
33、ed as a percentage of the dry mass of the originalspecimen.3.2.3 basis weight of papersee grammage of paper.3.2.4 bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressurerequired to produce rupture of a circular area of the materialunder specified test procedures.3.2.5 coverage of paper, nthe reciproca
34、l of grammage (orbasis weight).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of
35、this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.5Available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way, EastEnglewood, CO 80112-5704, http:/
36、.D202 17256 3.2.6 elongation of paper, nthe maximum tensile straindeveloped in the test specimen before break in a tension testunder prescribed conditions, calculated as the ratio of theincrease in length of the test specimen to the original test span,and expressed as a percentage.3.2.6.1 Discussion
37、It is calculated as the ratio of theincrease in length of the test specimen to the original test span,and is expressed as a percentage.3.2.7 folding endurance of paper, nthe resistance to fa-tigue resulting from repeated folding under specified condi-tions of test, expressed as the number of double
38、folds requiredto rupture a specimen, or as the logarithm of that number.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe level is expressed as the number ofdouble folds required to rupture a specimen. Sometimes thelevel is expressed as the logarithm of the number.3.2.8 grammage of paper, nthe mass per unit area ofpaper, expre
39、ssed as grams per square metre.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGrammage is sometimes called weightor basis weight of paper. These terms are most frequently usedwhen non-metric units are used, and the area is that of thepaper in one of the several standard reams of papers definedwithin the paper industry.3.2.9 imp
40、regnation time of paper, nthe time in secondsrequired for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity topenetrate completely from one face of a sheet of paper to theother under certain prescribed conditions.3.2.10 internal tearing resistance of paper, nthe forcerequired to continue a previously-
41、initiated tear across a speci-fied distance in a single thickness of paper, expressed as theaverage force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together.3.2.10.1 DiscussionIt is indicated on the specified appa-ratus and reported as the average force per sheet to tear one ormore sheets together across
42、 a specified distance.3.2.11 kinetic surface friction of paper, n the ratio of theforce parallel to the surfaces of two pieces of paper in contactwith each other to the force normal to the surfaces required tocontinue previously-initiated movement relative to each otherat constant speed.3.2.11.1 Dis
43、cussionOne possible test configuration uses apaper-covered block on a paper-covered inclined plane, inwhich case the result is expressed in degrees of angle ofinclination of the plane which will cause the block to continuean initiated movement.3.2.12 loss on ignition of inorganic fiber paper, nthevo
44、latile and combustible fraction of a paper, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass lost upon ignition, using aspecified procedure.3.2.12.1 DiscussionIt is expressed as a percentage of theoriginal dry weight lost upon ignition, and is usually usedinstead of ash content when dealing with pa
45、pers which areprincipally composed of inorganic fibers.3.2.13 solvent-soluble material in paper, n the mass ofmaterial that can be extracted from a dry specimen by aspecified solvent under prescribed conditions, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass.3.2.14 tensile energy absorption of pa
46、per (TEA), nthework performed when a paper specimen is stressed to break intension under prescribed conditions, as measured by theintegral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile strain fromzero to the strain corresponding to maximum stress, expressedas energy (work) per unit of original sur
47、face area of the testspecimen.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe TEA is expressed as energy(work) per unit of original surface area (length width) of thetest specimen.3.2.15 tensile strength of paper, nthe maximum tensilestress developed in a test specimen in a tension test carried tobreak under prescribed cond
48、itions, expressed for thin papers asforce per unit original width of the test specimen.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTensile stress is the force per unit oforiginal cross-sectional area, but in thin materials such as paperit is commonly expressed in terms of force per unit of originalwidth.3.2.16 thickness of
49、an electrical insulating material, ntheperpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest,determined in accordance with a standard method.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThe thickness of papers under0.05 mm (0.002 in.) in thickness, is often defined as one tenththat of a stack of ten sheets in certain paper specifications.3.2.17 water extract conductivity of paper, nthe apparentvolume conductivity at 60 Hz of a specimen of water that hasbeen used to dissolve water-soluble impurities from a specimenof paper un
