1、Designation: D7665 17Standard Guide forEvaluation of Biodegradable Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7665; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide2covers general information, without specificlimits, for selecting standard test methods for evaluating heattransfer fluids for qua
3、lity and aging. These test methods areconsidered particularly useful in characterizing biodegradablewater-free heat transfer fluids in closed systems.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This international sta
4、ndard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2.
5、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pe
6、nsky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petro-leum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaqu
7、e Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricatin
8、g OilsD1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atReduced PressureD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D2270 Practice
9、 for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 C and 100 CD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD2879 Test Method for Vapor Pressure-Temperature Rela-tionship and Initial Decomposition Temperature of Liq-uids b
10、y IsoteniscopeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D5864 Test Method for Dete
11、rmining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-degradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6384 Terminology Relating to Biodegradability and Eco-toxicity of LubricantsD6743 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Organic HeatTransfer FluidsD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Visco
12、meter (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7044 Specification for Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hy-draulic FluidsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemi-calsG4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Applica-tions1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02
13、on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.L0.06 on Non-Lubricating Process Fluids.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7665 10 (2014).DOI: 10
14、.1520/D7665-17.2The background for this standard was developed by a questionnaire circulatedby ASTM-ASLE technical division L-VI-2 and reported in LubricationEngineering, Vol 32, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 411416.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
15、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization
17、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.2 OECD Standards:4Test No. 203 : Fish, Acute Toxicity Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 fluid agingprocess of fluid degradation associatedwith the loss of intended performance of the fluid, whichincludes fluid co
18、mposition changes, soot formation, and thedeposit of materials on a surface (fouling).3.1.2 fluid qualitydescribes the fluids appropriateness forthe intended application including factors necessary for safetyand environmental awareness or compliance.3.1.3 heat transfer fluidfluid that remains essent
19、ially aliquid while transferring heat to or from an apparatus orprocess, although this guide does not preclude the evaluation ofa heat transfer fluid that may be used in its vapor state. Heattransfer fluids may be hydrocarbon or petroleum based, such aspolyglycols, esters, hydrogenated terphenyls, a
20、lkylatedaromatics, diphenyl-oxide/biphenyl blends, and mixtures of di-and triaryl-ethers. Small percentages of functional componentssuch as antioxidants, antiwear and anti-corrosion agents, TBN,acid scavengers, or dispersants, or a combination thereof, canbe present.4. Significance and Use4.1 The si
21、gnificance of each test method depends upon thesystem in use and the purpose of the test method as listed underSection 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM test methods.5. Recommended Test Procedures5.1 Pumpability of the Fluid:5.1.1 Flash Point, Closed Cup (Test Method D93)This testmethod detect
22、s low flash ends which are one cause of cavita-tion during pumping. In closed systems, especially when fluidsare exposed to temperatures of 225 C or higher, the formationof volatile hydrocarbons by breakdown of the oil may requireventing through a pressure relief system to prevent dangerouspressure
23、build-up.5.1.2 Pour Point (Test Method D97)The pour point can beused as an approximate guide to the minimum temperature fornormal pumping and as a general indication of fluid type andlow temperature properties. Should a heat transfer system belikely to be subjected to low temperatures when not in us
24、e, thesystem should be trace heated to warm the fluid aboveminimum pumping temperature before start-up.5.1.3 Viscosity (Test Method D445 or D7042)Fluid vis-cosity is important for determining Reynolds and Prandtlnumbers for heat transfer systems, to estimate fluid turbulence,heat transfer coefficien
25、t, and heat flow. Generally, a fluid that isabove approximately 200 cSt is difficult to pump. The pumpand system design determine the viscosity limit required forpumping. The construction of a viscosity/temperature curveusing determined viscosities can be used to estimate minimumpumping temperature.
26、5.1.4 Specific Gravity (Test Method D1298 or D4052)Hydraulic shock during pumping has been predicted via the useof a combination of density and compressibility data.5.1.5 Water Content (Test Method D95)The water contentof a fresh heat transfer fluid can be used to indicate how longthe heat transfer
27、system shall be dried out duringcommissioning, while raising the bulk oil temperature throughthe 100 C plus region, with venting, before the system can besafely used at higher temperatures. The expansion tank shouldbe full during the operations to ensure that moisture is safelyvented in the lowest p
28、ressure part of the systems. Positivenitrogen pressure on the heat exchange systems minimizesentry of air or moisture. Heat transfer systems operating attemperatures of 120 C or greater shall, for reasons of safety,be dry, because destructive high pressures are generated whenwater enters the high te
29、mperature sections of the system.Heating the oil before it is placed in service also removes mostof the dissolved air in the oil. If not removed, the air can causepump cavitation. The air can also accumulate in stagnant partsof the system at high pressure and could cause an explosion.5.1.6 Vapor Pre
30、ssure (Test Method D2879)Vaporpressure, which normally increases with increasing operatingtemperature, is an important design parameter. Organic heattransfer fluids exhibiting high vapor pressures should be usedonly in systems with sufficient structural integrity. Operation ofvapor phase systems req
31、uires knowledge of the equilibriumvapor pressure.5.2 Safety in Use:5.2.1 Autoignition Temperature (Test Method E659)Thistest relates to the autoignition temperature of a bulk fluid.Hydrocarbon fluids absorbed on porous inert surfaces canignite at temperatures more than 50 C lower than indicated byTe
32、st Method E659. An open flame ignites leaking hydrocarbonfluids exposed on a porous surface at any temperature.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and D93)Some heattransfer fluids are volatile and present a fire hazard at slightlyelevated temperatures, or even below 25 C.5.2.3 Biodegradation (Test M
33、ethod D5864)5An environ-mental concern, and toxicity (like acute fish toxicity, seeOECD Test No. 203) is more of an immediate concern forpersonnel that may come into contact with the heat transferfluid as well as plant and animal life that may come into contactwith effluent that migrates to streams,
34、 rivers, or reservoirs.Safety in use information is included a Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS). See Terminology D6384 for terminologyrelating to biodegradability and ecotoxicity. A basis for biode-gradable classification for hydraulic fluids is found in Table 4of Specification D7044 and while no sp
35、ecific biodegradabilityclassifications are available for heat transfer fluids, the envi-ronmental persistence of heat transfer fluids should be evalu-ated.4Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2, rueAndr Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.5As heat transfer fluids are main
36、ly used in closed and sealed circuits, this guideis limited to biodegradation issues. An extension to “environmentally friendly” or“ecoevaluated” heat transfer fluids including aquatic toxicities may be an object offuture revision.D7665 1725.3 Effect on Equipment:5.3.1 Effect on Rubber or Elastomeri
37、c Seals (Test MethodD471)Most seals in heat exchange equipment are made ofsteel or other metal. If rubber seals are present, it is desirableto maintain rubber swelling in the range of 1 % to5%toprevent leakage because of poor seal contact. Seals maydegrade in some fluids. As an oil deteriorates in s
38、ervice,additional tests may be required to ensure that seals remaincompatible with the altered oil. The temperature ranges of thetests should correspond to temperatures to which seals will beexposed in service.5.3.2 Corrosion (Guide G4)These tests concern selectionof materials of construction with f
39、luids usable for heat transfersystems. Guide G4 uses test metal specimens fixed within thestream of test fluid under use. The specimens and conditionsfor test shall be specified for each system.5.4 Effciency:5.4.1 Thermal Conductivity (Test Method D2717) and Spe-cific Heat (Test Method D2766)These t
40、hermal conductivityand specific heat tests are difficult to carry out, facilities forperforming them are few, and the precision data is yet to beestablished. Values can be estimated for design use from thegeneral chemical composition. Differences contribute to effi-ciency to a lesser degree than val
41、ues such as viscosity, moisturecontamination, and other measurable values in 5.1 and 5.5 ofthis guide. The values for thermal conductivity and specificheat may be available from the fluid supplier.65.5 Service Life:5.5.1 Thermal Stability, Laboratory Tests7Thermal stabil-ity is here defined as the r
42、esistance of a hydrocarbon liquid topermanent changes in properties that make it a less efficientheat transfer fluid. These changes may be related to alterationsin the liquids properties, such as viscosity, or to the tendencyto foul heat exchanger surfaces with insulating deposits.Normally, testing
43、should be done in the absence of air andmoisture to stimulate “tight” systems. The test may be usefulfor assessing the remaining service life of a used fluid, or itmay be used to compare the expected service life of competi-tive new heat transfer fluids.5.5.2 The following test methods can be used t
44、o determinethe change in values between new and used fluids, or betweena fluid before and after subjection to a laboratory thermalstability test. These test methods have been found especiallyuseful for determining the end of a fluids service life when anidentical fluid has been monitored with the sa
45、me tests through-out its service life. These test methods can also detect leakageof foreign material into the heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.1 Precipitation Number (Test Method D91) and In-solubles (Test Method D893)These test methods determinethe extent to which insolubles that may contribute to fouling
46、 ofmetal surfaces are increasing.5.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and D93)A low-ering of flash point is indicative of thermal cracking to producelower molecular weight hydrocarbons. A rapid increase mayindicate that fluid is being exposed to excessive temperatures.5.5.2.3 Carbon Residue (Test M
47、ethods D189, D524, andD4530)An increase of carbon residue during service pro-vides an indication of the fluids tendency to form carbona-ceous deposits. These deposits, which may impair heat transfer,are caused by precipitation of high molecular weight materialsproduced by thermal cracking of the flu
48、id.5.5.2.4 Viscosity (Test Method D445 or D7042)An in-crease in viscosity may reduce the fluids ability to transfer heat(see 5.1.3). Cracking of hydrocarbons in high temperatureservice in closed systems often causes a decrease in viscosity.Thus a change in viscosity taken by itself is insufficient t
49、ojudge the performance of a fluid in service.5.5.2.5 Distillation (Test Methods D86, D1160, andD2887)Distillation can show directly the percentage of afluid that has cracked into lower boiling products or has beenconverted into higher boiling products. Distillation data canserve as the sole criterion for changing a heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.6 Neutralization Number (Test Method D664)Amarked increase in neutralization number is a warning ofoxidation in the system, which may be the result of leaks. Inhigh-temperature service (200 C), org
